Yağmur KOCAOĞLU, Ömer ÇALIŞKAN, Abdullah ARGUZ, Aliye BÜYÜKERGÜN

The effect of warm-up on postural sway in the dominant and non-dominant leg

Although the chronic effects of a long-term warm-up program have been widely studied, to our knowledge, the number of studies examining the acute effects of a single warm-up session on inter-limb balance asymmetries in symmetrical sports such as cycling is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of warm-up on postural sway in the dominant and non-dominant leg in male bicycle athletes. Sixteen healthy young male volunteers who engage in cycling sports participated in the study. The participants' age was determined as 15.50±1.15 years, body weight as 56.06±7.79 kg, height as 169.87±4.98 cm, and sports experience as 4.31±1.25 years. The postural control performance on the dominant and non-dominant leg of the athletes was evaluated on Biodex Balance System balance device platform for 20 seconds before and after a 10-minute warm-up exercise performed at a constant pedaling frequency of 80 RPM on a bicycle ergometer. In the comparison of the pre-test to post-test dominant leg Overall Sway Index (t=3.456; p=0.004), Anterior-Posterior (Z=-3.160; p=0.002) and Medial-Lateral (Z=-2.428; p=0.015) postural control scores of the participants, a significant decrease was found in the post-test. It was determined that warm-up exercise can only improve acute postural control in the dominant leg. The effects of the study can be extended to different sports branches with symmetrical features in order to obtain comparable results.

Keywords:

Bicycle, dominant leg, non-dominant leg, postural sway,

PDF

___

Aandahl, H. S., Von Heimburg, E., & Van den Tillaar, R. (2018). Effect of postactivation potentiation induced by elastic resistance on kinematics and performance in a roundhouse kick of trained martial arts practitioners. J Strength Cond Res, 32(4), 990-996.
Anderson, B., & Burke, E. (1996). Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. In J. C. DeeLee & D. Drez (Eds), Orthopaedic sports medicine (pp. 258-275). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Barone, R., Macaluso, F., Traina, M., Leonardi, V., Farina, F., & Di Felice, V. (2010). Soccer players have a better standing balance in nondominant one-legged stance. Open Access J Sports Med, 1-6.
Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med, 33, 439-454.
Bishop, D. (2003). Warm-up II: performance changes following active warm-up and how to structure the warm-up. Sports Med, 33(7), 483-498.
Brighenti, A., Noé, F., Stella, F., Schena, F., & Mourot, L. (2022). Warm-up ımproves balance control differently in the dominant and non-dominant leg in young sportsmen according to their experience in asymmetric or symmetric sports. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(8), 4562.
Cachupe, W. J., Shifflett, B., Kahanov, L., & Wughalter, E. H. (2001). Reliability of Biodex Balance System measures. Meas Phys Edu Exercise Sci, 5(2), 97-108.
Chen, A. H., Chiu, C. H., Hsu, C. H., Wang, I. L., Chou, K. M., Tsai, Y. S., Lin, Yu-Fang & Chen, C. H. (2021). Acute effects of vibration foam rolling warm-up on jump and flexibility asymmetry, agility and frequency speed of kick test performance in taekwondo athletes. Symmetry, 13(9), 1664.
Debski, P., Mielanczyk, J., & Gnat, R. (2017). Postural stability in one-leg standing on dominant and non-dominant leg in professional soccer players. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 77, 53-63.
Gray, J., Aginsky, K. D., Derman, W., Vaughan, C. L., & Hodges, P. W. (2016). Symmetry, not asymmetry, of abdominal muscle morphology is associated with low back pain in cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport, 19(3), 222-226.
Guan, Y., Bredin, S., Jiang, Q., Jaaunton, J., Li, Y., Wu, N., Wu, L., & Warburton, D., (2021). The effect of fatigue on asymmetry between lower limbs in functional performances in elite child taekwondo athletes. J Orthop Surg Res, 16, 33.
Hart, N. H., Nimphius, S., Weber, J., Spiteri, T., Rantalainen, T., Dobbin, M., & Newton, R, (2016). Musculoskeletal asymmetry in football athletes: a product of limb function over time. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 48(7), 1379-1387.
Hinman, MR, 2000. Factors affecting reliability of the biodex balance system; a summary of four studies. J Sports Rehabil, 9, 240-252.
Hodges, S. J., Patrick, R. J., & Reiser, R. F. (2011). Effects of fatigue on bilateral ground reaction force asymmetries during the squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res, 25(11), 3107-3117.
Kadri, M. A., Noé, F., Maitre, J., Maffulli, N., & Paillard, T. (2021). Effects of limb dominance on postural balance in sportsmen practicing symmetric and asymmetric sports: A pilot study. Symmetry, 13(11), 2199.
Kilroy, E.A., Crabtree, O.M., Crosby, B., Parker, A., & Barfield, W.R. (2016). The Effect of Single-Leg Stance on Dancer and Control Group Static Balance. Int J Exerc Sci, 9, 110-120.
Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Beato, M., Gonzalo-Skok, O., & Romero-Rodríguez, D. (2022). Effects of 8 weeks of isoinertial vs. cable-resistance training on motor skills performance and interlimb asymmetries. J Strength Cond Res, 36(5), 1200-1208.
Malone, T.R., Garrett W.E., & Zachazewski, E.J. (1996). Athletic injuries and rehabilitation. Zachazewski EJ, David JM, Quillen WS. (Ed): Muscle: Deformation, Injury, Repair. Philadelphia. W.B. Saunders Company.
Marchetti, P.H., Orselli, M.I., Martins, L.M.S., & Duarte, M. (2014). Effects of a full season on stabilometric Parameters of team handball elite athletes. Motriz (Rio Claro), 20, 71-77.
Matsuda, S., Demura, S., & Uchiyama, M. (2008). Centre of pressure sway characteristics during static one-legged stance of athletes from different sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(7), 775-779.
Morris, T. P., Fried, P. J., Macone, J., Stillman, A., Gomes‐Osman, J., Costa‐Miserachs, D., & Pascual‐Leone, A. (2020). Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability. Eur J Neurosci, 51(7), 1723-1734.
Paillard, T. (2017). Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 72, 129-152.
Paillard, T., Kadri, M. A., Nouar, M. B., & Noé, F. (2018). Warm-up optimizes postural control but requires some minutes of recovery. J Strength Cond Res, 32(10), 2725-2729.
Painter, R., Pearce, A., Rostami, M., Frazer, A., & Kidgell, D. (2020). Determining the corticospinal and neuromuscular responses following a warm-up protocol. J Sci Med, 2(2), 1-12.
Pardos-Mainer, E., Casajús, J. A., & Gonzalo-Skok, O. (2019). Adolescent female soccer players’ soccer-specific warm-up effects on performance and inter-limb asymmetries. Biol Sport, 36(3), 199-207.
Pau, M., Ibba, G., Leban, B., & Scorcu M. (2014). Characterization of static balance abilities in elite soccer players by playing position and age. Res Sports Med, 22, 355-367.
Penedo, T.; Polastri, P.F.; Rodrigues, S.T., Santinelli, F.B., Costa, E.C., Imaizumi, L.F.I., Barbieri, R.A., & Barbieri, F.A. (2021). Motor strategy during postural control is not muscle fatigue joint-dependent, but muscle fatigue increases postural asymmetry. PLoS One, 16, e0247395.
Promsri, A., Haid, T., Werner, I., & Federolf, P. (2020).Leg dominance effects on postural control when performing challenging balance exercises. Brain Sci, 10, 128.
Sargeant, A.J. (1987). Effect of muscle temperature on leg extension force and short-term power output in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol, 56(6), 693-698.
Subasi, S.S., Gelecek, N., & Aksakoglu, G. (2008). Effects of different warm-up periods on knee proprioception and balance in healthy young individuals. J Sport Rehabil, 17, 186-205.
Taube, W., Gruber, M., & Gollhofer, A, (2008). Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance. Acta Physiol, 193, 101–116.
Williams, J.G., Eston, R., & Furlong, B. (1994). CERT: a perceived exertion scale for young children. Percept Mot Skill, 79(3 Pt 2): 1451-1458.
Yeung, W. C. V., Bishop, C., Turner, A. N., & Maloney, S. J. (2021). Does a loaded warm-up influence jump asymmetry and badminton-specific change of direction performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 16(4), 578-584.