Building functional warm-up routines in basketball: a narrative review of literature

Warming up is a crucial preparatory activity used in training sessions and games. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to examine the construction of functional basketball warm-up routines through a narrative literature review. Four electronic databases were consulted (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scielo and LILACS), where 47 articles were selected that discussed warm-up routines in basketball and team sports, as well as 09 textbooks in the field of sports training and physiology of the exercise. A well-designed warm-up promotes optimization in performance and prevents the appearance of injuries. However, there are multiple choices for building warm-up routines. Thus, the structuring of a warm-up should take into account the basic methodological aspects for them to be effective, such as: duration, intensity, adopted exercises, sequence of tasks, use of additional equipment, number of routines and recovery interval. Also, in basketball, the critical times to implement warm-ups are training sessions, game days, in-game re-warm-up, and half-time re-warm-up. Each of these points requires a distinct didactic-pedagogical approach in warm-up procedures. In this way, with the acquisition of a broader view of each component involved in this process, it becomes feasible to solve these issues. Finally, it is imperative that basketball physical trainers are able to masterfully solve the practical problems of warm-up, for more assertive decision-making in relation to routines that incorporate superior results in performance and reduction of injuries.

Keywords:

Basketball, sports training, team sports warm-up,

PDF

___

Abad, C. C., Prado, M. L., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., & Barroso, R. (2011). Combination of general and specific warm-ups improves leg-press one repetition maximum compared with specific warm-up in trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res, 25(8), 2242-2245.
Abade, E., Sampaio, J., Gonçalves, B., Baptista, J., Alves, A., & Viana, J. (2017). Effects of different re-warm up activities in football players' performance. PLoS One, 12(6), e0180152.
Alberti, G., Annoni, M., Ongaro, L., Scurati, R., & Michielon, G. (2014). Athletic performance decreases in young basketball players after sitting. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 9(5), 975-984.
Berdejo-del-Fresno, D. (2011). Calentamiento competitivo en baloncesto: revisión bibliográfica y propuesta. E-balonmano. com: Revista de Ciencias del Deporte, 7(2), 101-116.
Bishop, D. (2003a). Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med, 33, 439-454.
Bishop, D. (2003b). Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med, 33, 483-498.
Bizzini, M., Junge, A., & Dvorak, J. (2013). Implementation of the FIFA 11+ football warm up program: how to approach and convince the Football associations to invest in prevention. Br J Sports Med, 47(12), 803-806.
Bompa, T.O. & Haff, G.G. (2012). Periodização – Teoria e Metodologia do Treinamento. 5a. edição. São Paulo: Phorte. 440 p.
Boyle, M. (2015). Avanços no Treinamento Funcional. Porto Alegre: ArtMed.
Boyle, M. (2018). O Novo Treinamento Funcional de . 2a. edição. Porto Alegre: ArtMed.
Brunner, R., Friesenbichler, B., Casartelli, N. C., Bizzini, M., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Niedermann, K. (2019). Effectiveness of multicomponent lower extremity injury prevention programmes in team-sport athletes: an umbrella review. Br J Sports Med, 53(5), 282-288.
Christaras, M., Michailidis, Y., Mandroukas, A., Vardakis, L., Christoulas, K., & Metaxas, T. (2023). Effects of a short half-time re-warm-up program on matches running performance and fitness test performance of male elite youth soccer players. Appl Sci, 13(4), 2602.
Echer, I. C. (2001). A revisão de literatura na construção do trabalho científico. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 22(2), 5-20.
Edholm, P., Krustrup, P., & Randers, M. B. (2014). Half‐time re‐warm up increases performance capacity in male elite soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 25(1), e40-e49.
Eken, Ö. (2021). The acute effect of different specific warm-up intensity on one repeat maximum squat performance on basketball players. Pedagogy Phys Cult Sports, 25 (5), 313-318.
Fashioni, E., Langley, B., & Page, R. M. (2020). The effectiveness of a practical half-time re-warm-up strategy on performance and the physical response to soccer-specific activity. J Sports Sci, 38(2), 140-149.
FIBA (2022). Official basketball rules. https://www.fiba.basketball/documents/official-basketball-rules/current.pdf
Fradkin, A. J., Zazryn, T. R., & Smoliga, J. M. (2010). Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res, 24(1), 140-148.
Gabbett, T. J., Sheppard, J. M., Pritchard-Peschek, K. R., Leveritt, M. D., & Aldred, M. J. (2008). Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed, change of direction speed, vertical jump, and reactive agility in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 22(5), 1413-1415.
Gaetano, A., & Gaetano, R. (2017). Physiological effects of warm-up and problems related to team sports. Sport Science, 10(2), 56-61.
Galazoulas, C., Tzimou, A., Karamousalidis, G., & Mougios, V. (2012). Gradual decline in performance and changes in biochemical parameters of basketball players while resting after warm-up. Eur J Appl Physiol, 112, 3327-3334.
Gomes, A.C. (2009). Treinamento desportivo: estrutura e periodização. Porto Alegre: ArtMed.
Gonçalves, B. (2021). Caracterização do aquecimento pré-jogo de equipes de elite do futsal brasileiro. Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências da Motricidade, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista.
González-Devesa, D., Molina, A. J., Ayán, C., Suárez-Iglesias, D., & Vaquera, A. (2023). The effectiveness of a practical half-time re-warm-up strategy in youth female basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(2), 310-318.
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J, 26(2), 91-108.
Hammami, A., Zois, J., Slimani, M., Russell, M., & Bouhel, E. (2016). The efficacy, and characteristics of warm-up and re-warm-up practices in soccer players: A systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 58(1-2), 135-49.
Herman, K., Barton, C., Malliaras, P., & Morrissey, D. (2012). The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review. BMC Med, 10, 01-12.
Issurin, V. (2008). Block Periodization: breakthrough in sports training. Michigan: Ultimate Athletes Concepts.
Jeffreys, I. J. U. J. (2006). Warm up revisited–the ‘ramp’method of optimising performance preparation. UKSCA Journal, 6, 15-19.
Judge, L. W., Wildeman, J. N., & Bellar, D. M. (2011). Designing an effective preactivity warm-up routine for the 1 repetition maximum back squat. Strength Cond J, 33(1), 88-90.
Longo, U. G., Loppini, M., Berton, A., Marinozzi, A., Maffulli, N., & Denaro, V. (2012). The FIFA 11+ program is effective in preventing injuries in elite male basketball players: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med, 40(5), 996-1005.
McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L. (2011). Fisiologia do Exercício: Nutrição, Energia e Desempenho Humano. 7a. edição. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan.
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med, 45, 1523-1546.
Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Nybo, L., Nielsen, J. J., & Bangsbo, J. (2004). Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches–beneficial effect of re‐warm‐up at half‐time. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 14(3), 156-162.
Owoeye, O. B., Emery, C. A., Befus, K., Palacios-Derflingher, L., & Pasanen, K. (2020). How much, how often, how well? Adherence to a neuromuscular training warm-up injury prevention program in youth basketball. J Sports Sci, 38(20), 2329-2337.
Platonov, V.N. (2008). Tratado Geral de Treinamento Desportivo. São Paulo: Phorte.
Pociūnas, R., Pliauga, V., Lukonaitienė, I., Bartusevičius, D., Urbonavičius, T., Stuknys, A., & Stanislovaitienė, J. (2018). Effects of different half-time re-warm up on vertical jump during simulated basketball game. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2(109), 35-40.
Powers, S.K. & Howley, E.T. (2014). Fisiologia do Exercício: Teoria e Aplicação ao Condicionamento e ao Desempenho. 8a. edição. Barueri: Manole.
Racinais, S., Cocking, S., & Périard, J. D. (2017). Sports and environmental temperature: from warming-up to heating-up. Temperature, 4(3), 227-257.
Räisänen, A. M., Owoeye, O. B., Befus, K., van den Berg, C., Pasanen, K., & Emery, C. A. (2021). Warm-ups and coaches' perceptions: searching for clues to improve injury prevention in youth basketball. Front Sports Act Living, 3, 619291.
Ribeiro, A. S., Romanzini, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., Souza, M. F., Avelar, A., & Cyrino, E. S. (2014). Effect of different warm-up procedures on the performance of resistance training exercises. Percept Mot Skills, 119(1), 133-145.
Ribeiro, B., Pereira, A., Neves, P., Marinho, D., Marques, M., & Neiva, H. P. (2021). The effect of warm-up in resistance training and strength performance: a systematic review. Motricidade, 17(1), 87-94.
Russell, M., Tucker, R., Cook, C. J., Giroud, T., & Kilduff, L. P. (2018). A comparison of different heat maintenance methods implemented during a simulated half-time period in professional Rugby Union players. J Sci Med Sport, 21(3), 327-332.
Santos, S. C., dos Santos Pinto, H. K., & Bezerra de Almeida, M. (2020). Determinação do tempo de inatividade pós-aquecimento de jogadores reservas em jogos de basquetebol. Educación Física y Ciencia, 22(1), e111.
Silva, L. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2018). Effects of warm-up, post-warm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: A systematic review. Sports Med, 48, 2285-2299.
Silva, N., Travassos, B., Gonçalves, B., Brito, J., & Abade, E. (2020). Pre-match warm-up dynamics and workload in elite futsal. Front Psychol, 11, 584602.
Silva, L. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2022). Short post-warm-up transition times are required for optimized explosive performance in team sports. J Strength Cond Res, 36(4), 1134-1140.
Sousa, L. M. M., Marques-Vieira, C. M. A., Severino, S. S. P., & Antunes, A. V. (2017). A metodologia de revisão integrativa da literatura em enfermagem. Revista Investigação em Enfermagem, 21(2), 17-26.
Stojanović, E., Terrence Scanlan, A., Radovanović, D., Jakovljević, V., & Faude, O. (2022). A multicomponent neuromuscular warm-up program reduces lower-extremity injuries in trained basketball players: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Phys Sportsmed, 01-09.
Taylor, J. M., Weston, M., & Portas, M. D. (2013). The effect of a short practical warm-up protocol on repeated sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res, 27(7), 2034-2038.
Towlson, C., Midgley, A. W., & Lovell, R. (2013). Warm-up strategies of professional soccer players: practitioners' perspectives. J Sports Sci, 31(13), 1393-1401.
Vretaros, A. (2021a). Basquete: Treinamento da Força Funcional. (2a. edição). São Paulo: eBook.
Vretaros, A. (2021b). Methodological considerations in the use of complex training in basketball players. Ita J Sports Reh Po, 8(3, Suppl. 01), 70-88.
Vretaros, A. (2022). Microdosing of strength training in basketball during congested game weeks: a practical-methodological approach. Academia Letters, Article 5409.
Weineck, J. (2005). Entrenamiento Total. Barcelona: Editorial Paidotribo.
Weldon, A., Duncan, M. J., Turner, A., Sampaio, J., Noon, M., Wong, D., & Lai, V. W. (2021). Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer. Biol Sport, 38(3), 377-390.
Woods, K., Bishop, P., & Jones, E. (2007). Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Sports Med, 37, 1089-1099.
Zagatto, A. M., Dutra, Y. M., Claus, G., de Sousa Malta, E., de Poli, R. A. B., Brisola, G. M. P., & Boullosa, D. (2022a). Drop jumps improve repeated sprint ability performances in professional basketball players. Biol Sport, 39(1), 59-66.
Zagatto, A. M., Claus, G. M., Dutra, Y. M., de Poli, R. A., Lopes, V. H., Goodall, S., ... & Boullosa, D. (2022b). Drop jumps versus sled towing and their effects on repeated sprint ability in young basketball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 14(1), 4.
Zois, J., Bishop, D. J., Ball, K., & Aughey, R. J. (2011). High-intensity warm-ups elicit superior performance to a current soccer warm-up routine. J Sci Med Sport, 14(6), 522-528.
Zois, J., Bishop, D., Fairweather, I., Ball, K., & Aughey, R. J. (2013). High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance. Int J Sports Med, 34(9), 800-805.