Arash JAVANSHİR

May simultaneous exposure to different heavy metals influence the bioaccumulation of each metal by littorina saxatilis (Gastropoda; Littoriniidae)

Laboratory assessments of toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals have been concentrated on the accumulation of these metal ions when exposed singly to the test organisms. However, under the natural environmental settings, the metals are never present in isolation and may interact with each other, therefore justifying the need to study the influence of joint application of metals on accumulated levels in exposed animals. In this study, exposure of the periwinkle Littorina saxatilis to sublethal concentrations (equivalent to 0.1 and 0.01 of 96 h LC50) of heavy metals revealed that they were bioaccumulative varying amounts, depending on the type of metal, exposure period and their concentration in the test media. While Zn and Pb ion accumulation increased steadily with exposure time, the amounts of Cu accumulated fluctuated regularly over the 30-day experimental period. The levels of Zn, Cu and Cd bioaccumulated over the 30-day experimental period were reduced by over 2-6 folds (with bioaccumulation ratio values ranging from 0.15 to 0.81) when compared to concentrations of the respective metals accumulated during single bioaccumulation studies. However, Pb concentrations accumulated during the joint action studies increased nearly 2-fold (bioaccumulation ratio range 1.36 to 2.0-fold).

PDF

___

APHA-AWWA-WPCF. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, USA.

Baron, M.G. 1995. Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms, In: D.H. Hoffman, B.A. Rattner, B.A. Jr. Burton and G.A. Jr. Cairns (Eds.), Handbook of Ecotoxicology. CRC-Lewis, England: 652-662.

Bryan, G.W. and Langston. W.J. 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of Heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: A review. Env. Poll., 76: 89-131.

Campbell, J.H. and Evans, R.D. 1991. Cadmium concentrations in the freshwater mussel (Elliiptio complanata) and their relationship to water chemistry. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 20: 125-131.

Clark, R.B. 1992. Marine Pollution. Oxford, England, 169 pp.

FAO/SIDA. 1986. Manual of methods in aquatic environmental research, Part 9. Analyses of Metals and Organochlorines in Fish. FAO, Rome, 212 pp.

Franklin, N.M., Stauber J.L., Lim R.P. and Petocz. P. 2002. Toxicity of metal mixtures to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.): The effect of interactions between Copper, Cadmium and Zinc on metal cell binding and uptake. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21: 2412-2422.

Frazier, J.M. and George, S.G. 1983. Cadmium kinetics in oysters. A comparative study of Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis. Mar. Biol., 76: 55-61.

George, S.G. 1989. Cadmium effects on place liver xenobioticand metal detoxication systems: dose-response. Aquat. Toxicol., 15: 303-310.

Javanshir, A. and Shapoori, M. 2011. Influence of Water hardness (Calcium concentration) on the absorption of Cadmium by the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gaster (Ostreidae; Bivalvia). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 9(2): 724-727.

Javanshir, A., Shapoori, M. and Moezzi, F. 2011. Impact of water hardness on cadmium absorption by four freshwater mollusks physa fontinalis, Anodonta cygnea, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha from south Caspian Sea region. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 9(2): 763-767.

Kiffney, P.M. and Clement. W.H. 1993. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by benthic Invertebrates at the Arkansas River, Colorado. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12: 1507-1517.

Langston, W.J. and Zhou. M. 1987. Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism and the gastropod Littorina littorea: the role of metal-binding proteins. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK, 67: 585-601.

Omidi, S. 2008. Water quality assessment in outlet excavations and construction in Persian Gulf. . Proceedings of the international conference on monitoring and modeling of marine pollution (INCOMP 2008) Kish, Iran

Oryan, S. 2008. Tracing petroleum contaminants in commercial fish resources of the Persian Gulf. Proceedings of the international conference on monitoring and modeling of marine pollution (INCOMP 2008) Kish Iran

Otitoloju, A.A. 2001. Joint action toxicity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation by benthic animals of the Lagos lagoon. PhD thesis, Lagos: University of Lagos, Nigeria. 231 p.

Otitoloju, A.A. 2002. Evaluation of the joint-action toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals against the mangrove periwinkle Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 53: 404-415.

Otitoloju, A.A. 2003. Relevance of joint action toxicity evaluations in setting realistic environmental safe limits of heavy metals. JEM, 67: 121-128. Otitoloju, A.A. and Don-Pedro, K.N. 2003.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd) by Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.) exposed to sublethal concentrations in laboratory bioassays. WAJAE 3: 17-29.

Otitoloju, A.A. and Don-Pedro K.N. 2004. Integrated laboratory and field assessments of heavy metals accumulation in edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 57: 354-362.

Oyewo, E.O. 1998. Industrial Sources and distribution of Heavy Metals in Lagos Lagoon and their biological Effects on Estuarine animals. PhD thesis, Lagos: University of Lagos, Nigeria, 274 pp.

Panigrahi, A.K. and Misra, B.N. 1980. Toxicological effects of a sub-lethal concentration of inorganic mercury on the freshwater fish Tilapia mossambica, Peters. Arch. Toxicol., 44: 269-278.

Paulsson, K. and Lundbergh K. 1991. Treatment of mercury contaminated fish by Selenium addition. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 56: 833-841.

Rahnama, R., Javanshir, A. and Mashinchian, A. 2010. The effects of lead bioaccumulation on filtration rate of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) from Anzali wetland-Caspian Sea. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 92: 107-114.

Sastry, K.V. and Shukla, M. 1993. Uptake and distribution of Cadmium in tissues of Channa puntatus. J. Env. Biol., 14: 137-142.

Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd Edition. W.H. Freeman, New York.

Wright, D.A. and Zamuda, C.D. 1987. Copper accumulation by two bivalve mollusks: salinity effect is independent of cupric ion activity. Mar. Environ. Res., 23: 1-14.

Wright, D.A., Welbourn, P.M. and Martin, A.M. 1991. Inorganic and organic mercury uptake and loss by the crayfish, Orconectes Propinquus. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 56: 697-708.