Zehra DOĞAN, Gülüzar ATLI, Mustafa CANLI

Effects of Lead on ATPases in Tissues of Freshwater Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Differing Calcium Levels

Bu çalışmada, farklı Ca+2 derişimlerinde Pb+2 etkisine kalan tatlısu balığı Oreochromis niloticus'un dokularında ATPaz'ların verdiği tepkilerin ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Balıklar 15 (iletkenlik: 161,0±10,7 µS/cm), 30 (iletkenlik: 242,0±9,50 µS/cm) ve 60 (iletkenlik: 395,2±40,2 µS/cm) mg Ca+2/L içeren ortamlarda Pb+2 etkisine bırakıldı. Deneyler akut (48 saat, 20 ?M Pb+2) ve kronik (14gün, 10 ?M Pb+2) olmak üzere iki farklı protokol ile sürdürüldü. Deneyler sonunda solungaç ve bağırsak dokusunda Na+/K+-ATPaz ve Mg+2-ATPaz ile kas dokusunda Ca+2-ATPaz aktiviteleri ölçülmüştür. Akut süreçte, sadece Ca+2 etkisinde kalan balıklarda ATPaz aktivitelerinde artış görülmüştür. Ca+2 ve Pb+2'nin birlikteki etkisine kalanlarda düşük Ca+2 derişimlerinde ATPaz aktivitelerinde artış görülürken, yüksek Ca+2 derişimlerinde azalış görülmüştür. Kronik süreçte, sadece sadece Ca+2 etkisinde kalan balıklarda ATPaz aktivitelerinde hem artış hem azalış görülmüştür. Ca+2ve Pb+2'nin birlikteki etkisine kalanlarda sadece düşük Ca+2 derişimlerinde ATPaz aktivitelerinde artış görülmüştür. Diğer dokulardaki ATPaz'larla kıyaslandığında, solungaç Na+/K-ATPaz'ın daha hassas olduğu bulunmuştur. Veriler, suyun Caderişiminin akut ve kronik metal toksisitesinin belirlenmesinde özellikle ATPaz'lar düşünüldüğünde önemli bir parametre olduğunu ve bu nedenle metal kirliliği olan sularda biyomarkırların değerlendirilmesinde dikkate alınması gerekmektiğini vurgulamıştır

Kurşunun Farklı Kalsiyum Düzeylerinde Tatlısu Balığı (Oreochromis Niloticus) Dokularında ATPaz'lar Üzerine Etkileri

The aim of the present study was to investigate the response of ATPases in tissues of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to Pb2+ in differing Ca2+ levels. Fish were exposed to Pb2+ in water containing 15 (conductivity of 161.0±10.7 µS/cm), 30 (conductivity of 242.0±9.50 µS/cm), and 60 (conductivity of 395.2±40.2 µS/cm) mg Ca2+/L. Experiments were conducted using two Pb2+ exposure protocols, naming acute (48 h, 20 µM Pb2+) and chronic (14 d, 10 µM Pb2+). Following the exposures, Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in the gill and intestine, and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the muscle were measured. In acute exposure, Ca2+ exposures alone caused significant increases in ATPase activities. Combined exposures of Ca2+ and Pb2+ caused significant increases in ATPase activities at the lowest Ca2+concentration, but almost all ATPase activities significantly decreased at the highest Ca2+ concentration. In chronic exposures, Ca2+ exposures alone caused a few significant alterations in ATPase activities, clear trend being a decrease in Na+/K-ATPase activity. In combined exposures, there were only significant increases in ATPase activities at the lowest Ca2+ concentration. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase was found to be the most sensitive enzyme compared to ATPases in the other tissues. Data emphasized that Ca2+ concentration of water is an important parameter in assessment of acute or chronic metal toxicity, especially when ATPases are concerned and should be taken into account in evaluations of biomarkers in metal contaminated waters

PDF

___

Almeida, J.A., Diniz, Y.S., Marques, S.F.G., Faine, L.A., Ribas, B.O., Burneiko, R.C. and Novelli, E.L.B. 2002. The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Contam Environ. Int., 27: 673-679. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120 (01)00127-1
Alves, L.C. and Wood, C.M. 2006. The Chronic Effects of Dietary Lead in Freshwater Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fed Elevated Calcium Diets. Aquat. Toxicol., 78: 217-232. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox. 2006.03.005
Atkinson, A., Gatemby, A.O., Lowe, A.G., 1973. The Determination Biological Systems. Biochimica. Et Biophysica. Acta. 320: 195-204. Ortophosphate in
Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2007. Enzymatic responses to metal exposures in a freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus. Comp. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.12.012 145C: 282-287.
Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2011a. Alterations in ion levels of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following acute and chronic exposures to five heavy metals. Turk. J. Zool., 35(5): 725-736. doi:10.3906/zoo-1001-31
Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2011b. Essential metal (Cu, Zn) exposures alter the activity of ATPases in gill, kidney and muscle of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Ecotoxicol., 20: 1861-1869. DOI 10.1007/s10646- 011-0724-z
Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2013. Metals (Ag+, Cd2+, Cr6+) Affect ATPase activity in the gill, kidney and muscle of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following acute and chronic exposures. Environ. Toxicol., 28(12):707- 717. doi: 10.1002/tox.20766.
Ay, Ö., Kalay, M., Tamer, L. and Canli, M. 1999. Copper and lead accumulation in tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zillii and its effects on the branchial Na,K- ATPase activity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 62: 160-168.
Baldisserotto, B., Chowdhury, M.J., Wood, C.M. 2005. Effects of dietary calcium and cadmium on cadmium accumulation, calcium and cadmium uptake from the water, and their interactions in juvenile rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol., 72: 99-117. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox. 2004.11.019
Baysoy, E., Atli, G., Canli, M. 2013. The effects of salinity and salinity+ metal (Chromium and Lead) exposure on ATPase activity in the gill and intestine of Tilapia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 64: 291-300. DOI 10.1007/s00244-012-9825-9
Carroll, J.J., Ellis, S.J. and Oliver, W.S. 1979. Influence of hardness constituents on the acute toxicity of cadmium to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 22: 575-581.
Craig, P.M., Wood, C.M. and McClelland, G.B. 2007. Gill membrane remodeling with soft-water acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Physiol. Genomics, 30: 53- 60. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00195.2006
Davies, P.H., Goettl, J.R., J.P., Sınley, R. and Smıth, N.F. 1976. Acute and chronic toxicity of lead to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri in hard and soft water. Water Res, 10: 199-206.
Defo, M.A., Spear, P.A. and Couture, P. 2014. Consequences of metal exposure on retinoid metabolism in vertebrates: A Rev. Toxicol. Letters, 225: 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.024
Dogan, Z., Eroglu, A., Kanak, E.G., Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2014. Response of antioxidant system of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) following exposure to chromium and copper in differing hardness. Bull Environ. doi:10.1007/s00128-014-1245-2. 92: 680-686
Ebrahimpour, M., Alipour, H. and Rakhshah, S. 2010. Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 26: 361-365. DOI: 10.1177/0748233710369123
Flik, G., Van der velden, J.A., Decherıng, K.J., Verbost, P.M., Wendelaar bonga, S.E. 1993. Ca2+ and Mg2+ Transport in Gills and Gut of Tilapia; Oreochromis mossambicus: A Rev. Journal of Exp. Zoology, 265: 356-365. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402650404 Z.I. and
Franklin, N.M., Glover, C.N., Nicol, J.A. and Wood, C.M. 2005. Calcium/cadmium interactions at uptake surfaces in rainbow trout: waterborne vs dietary routs of exposure. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem., 24: 2954- 2964. DOI: 10.1897/05-007R.1
Grosell, M., Nielsen, C. and Bianchini, A. 2002. Sodium turnover rate determines sensitivity to acute copper and silver exposure in freshwater animals. Comp Biochem. Physiol., 133C: 287-303. doi:10.1016/ S1532-0456(02)00085-6
Grosell, M., Wood, C.M. and Walsh, P.J. 2003. Copper homeostasis and toxicity in the elasmobranch Raja erinacea octodecemspinosus during exposure to elevated water- borne copper. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 135: 179- 190. doi:10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00089-9
Hansen, M., Kurinczuk, J.J., Bower, C., Webb, S. 2002. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N. Engl. J. Med., 346: 725-730. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010035
Heath, A.G. 1995. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2nd Edn., CRC Press, New York, 359 pp.
Hodson, P.V., Blunt, B.R. and Spry, D.J. 1978. Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Lake Ontario water. Water Res, 12: 869-878.
Hollis, L., McGeer, J.C., McDonald, D.G. and Wood, C.M. 2000. Effects of long term sublethal Cd exposure in rainbow Implications for biotic ligand modelling. Aquat. Toxicol., 51: 93-105. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(00) 00099-0 soft water exposure:
Jain, C.K., Bhatia, K.K.S. and Seth, S.M. 1997. Characterization of waste disposals and their impact on water quality of river Kali, Uttar Pradesh, Indian J. Environ. Prot., 17: 287-295.
Lam, P.K.S. and Gray, J.S. 2003. The use of biomarkers in environmental monitoring programmes. Mar. Poll. Bull., 46: 182-186. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)004 49-6.
Li, Z.H., Li, P. and Randak, T. 2011. Evaluating the toxicity of environmental concentrations of waterborne chromium (VI) to a model teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss: a comparative study of in vivo and in vitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 153: 402-407. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.01.005.
Lemaire-Gony, S. and Mayer-Gostan, N. 1994. In vitro dose-response study of the effect of cadmium on eel (Anguilla anguilla) gill Na+-K+-ATPase activities. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 28: 43-52.
Lionetto, M.G., Giordano, M.E., Vilella, S., Schettino, T. 2000. Inhibition of eel enzymatic activities by cadmium. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00056-9. 48: 561-571.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farra, N.J., Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurements with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.
Macdonald, A., Silk, L., Schwartz, M. and Playle, R.C. 2002. A lead-gill binding model to predict acute lead toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Toxicol. Pharmacol., 13: 227-242. doi:10.1016/S1532-0456 (02)00107-2
Mager, V., Madore, B.F. and Freedman, W.L. 2008. Metallicity-corrected Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distance to NGC 4258 The American Astronomical Society, 689: 721. doi:10.1086/592563
Marshall, W.S., Grosell, M. 2005. Ion Transport, Osmoregulation and Acid-Base Balance. The Physiol of Fishes 2022_C006.fm pp. 177-230.
McGeer, J.C., Szebedinszky, C., McDonald, D.G. and Wood, C.M. 2000. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1. Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquat. Toxicol., 50: 231-243. doi:10.1016/S0166- 445X(99)00105-8
Monserrat, J.M., Martinez, P.E., Geracitano, L.A., Amado, L.L., Martins, C.M.G. and Pinho, G.L.L. 2007. Pollution biomarkers in estuarine animals; critical review and new perspectives. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 146: 221-234. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.08.012
Morgan, T.M., Grosell, M., Playle, R.C. and Wood, C.M. 2004. The Time Course of Silver Accumulation in Rainbow Trout during Static Exposure to Silver Nitrate: Physiological Regulation or an Artifact of the Exposure Conditions? Aquat. Toxicol., 66: 55-72. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.07.003
Nagy, K.A. 1986. Field metabolic rate and food requırement scaling Monographs, 57(2): 111-128. and birds. Ecological
Niyogi, S., Wood, C.M. 2006. Interaction between dietary calcium supplementation and chronic waterborne zinc exposure in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 143: 93-102. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.12.007
Paquin, P.R., Gorsuch, J.W., Apte, S., Batley, G.E., Bowles, K.C., Campbell, P.G.C., Delos, C.G., Di Toro, D.M., Dwyer, R.L. and Galvez, F. 2002. The biotic ligand model: a historical overview. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 133: 3-35. doi:10.1016/S1532-0456(02) 00112-6
Parvez, S., Sayeed, I. and Raisuddin, S. 2006. Decreased gill ATPase activities in the freshwater fish Channa punctata (Bloch) exposed to a diluted paper mill effluent. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 65: 62-66. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.010
Pratap, H.B., Fu, H., Lock, R.A.C. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1989. Effect of waterborne and dietary cadmium on plasma ions of the teleost Oreochromis mossambicu s in relation to water calcium levels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18: 568-575.
Pratap, H.B., Wendelaar bonga, S.E. 1993. Effect of ambient and dietary cadmium on pavement cells, chloride cells, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gills mossambicus at normal and high calcium levels in the ambient water. Aquat. Toxicol., 26: 133-150.
Rainbow, P.S. 1985. The Biology of Heavy Metals in the Sea. Int Journal of Environ. Studies, 25: 195-211. DOI:10.1080/00207238508710225
Rainbow, P.S. and Blackmore, G. 2001 Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters; changes in space and time. Mar. Environ. Res., 51: 441-463. doi:10.1016/S0141- 1136(00)00254-3
Richards, J.G. and Playle, R.C. 1998. Cobalt binding to gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): an equilibrium model, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 119: 185-197. doi:10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00206-5
Rogers, J.T., Richards, J.G. and Wood, C.M. 2003. Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol., 64: 215-234. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00053-5 in the rainbow trout
Rogers, J.T. and Wood, C.M. 2004. Characterization of branchial lead-calcium interaction in the freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol., 207: 813-825. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00826
Rogers, J.T., Patel, M., Gilmour, K.M. and Wood, C.M. 2005. Mechanisms behind Pb-induced disruptions of Na+ and Cl- balance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am. Journal. Physiol. Roy., 289: 463-472. DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00362.2004
Saglam, D., Atli, G. and Canli, M. 2013. Investigations on the osmoregulation of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) following exposures to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 92: 79- 86. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.020
Saglam, D., Atli, G., Dogan, Z., Baysoy, E., Gurler, C., Eroglu, A. and Canli, M. 2014. Response of the antioxidant system of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness. Tr. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 14: 43-52. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_06
Saravanan, M., Prabhu Kumar, K. and Ramesh, M. 2011. Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater (Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 100: 206-211. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.04.002 carpio
Saxena, T.B., Zachariassen, K.E. and Jorgensen, L. 2000. Effects of ethoxyquin on the blood composition of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 127: 1-9. doi:10.1016/S0742-8413(00)001 31-6
Schoenmakers, T.J.M., Klaren, P.H.M., Flik, G., Lock, R.A.C., Pang, P.K.T. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1992. Actions of cadmium on basolateral plasma membrane proteins involved in calcium uptake by fish intestine. J. Membr. Biol., 127: 161-172.
Shrivastava, S., Mishra, M. and Jain, S.K. 2001. Remediation of lead toxicity in fish tissues through zeolite with reference to glycogen content. Journal of Natcon., 13(2): 231-235.
Silvestre, F., Trausch, G., Devos, P. 2005. Hyper- osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) exposed to cadmium; acclimation during chronic exposure. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 140: 29-37. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2004.12.007
Spry, D.J. and Wood, C.M. 1985. Ion flux rates, acid-base status, and blood gases in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, exposed to toxic zinc in natural soft water. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42: 1332-1341. doi: 10.1139/f85-168
Verbost, P.M., Flik, G., Lock, R.A.C. and Wendelaar bonga, S.E. 1987. Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in rainbow gills. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Int. Comp. Physiol., 253: 216-221.
Verbost, P.M., Flik, G., Lock, R.A.C. and Wendelaar bonga, S.E. 1989. The movement of cadmium through freshwater trout branchial epithelium and its interference with calcium transport. Journal of Exp. Biology, 145: 185-197.
Viarengo, A. 1985. Biochemical effects of trace metals. Mar. Poll. Bull., 16(4): 153-158.
Watson, T.A. and Beamish, F.W.H. 1981. The effects of zinc on branchial adenosine triphosphatase enzymes in vitro from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 68: 167-173.
WHO, 1995. Environmental Health Criteria 165. Int. Programme on Chem. Saf. Geneva, Switzerland.
Wong, C.K.C. and Wong, M.H. 2000. Morphological and biochemical changes in the gills of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to ambient cadmium exposure. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00060-0 48: 517-527.
Yılmaz, A.B., Sangun, M.K., Yaglioglu, D. and Turan, C. 2010. Metals (major, essential to non essential) composition of the different tissues of three demersal Şsh species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey Food. Chem., 123: 410-415. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010. 04.057