This study aimed to compare the effect of two high -carbohydrates diets on growth, activity and gene expression of hepatic metabolic enzymes in GIFT tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus ). Two isonitrogenous (28 % crude protein) and isolipidic (5 % crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 4 0% of wheat starch (WS) or glucose (GLU). Diets were assigned to triplicate group s of 30 fish (in itial weight: 11.26g) for 45 days. At the end of trial, SGR, feed intake, feed efficiency, HSI, VI and liver glycogen levels were not significantly influenced by dietary carbohydrates. Plasma glucose was higher in fish fed the GLU diet than in the WS diet. No significant effect of dietary carbohydrates source on GK and G6Pase activities were present, however, these activities were significant higher than the initial levels. In contrast, higher G6PD activities were recorded in GLU group than in the WS group on d ay 45. Data on gene expression showed that G6Pase and G6PD but not GK was affected by dietary carbohydrates on d ay 45 ; the levels of G6Pase and G6PD mRNA in GLU group were significantly higher than in WS group. Overall, dietary high glucose levels was utilized well as energy source by GIFT tilapia juveniles, and seem to be more effective in increasing liver lipogenic activities .
___
Al Hafedh, Y.S. 1999. Effects of dietary protein on growth and body composition of Nile tilapia. Aquac. Res., 30: 385 -393. doi: 10.1046/j.136 5 -2109.1999.00343.x
AOAC, 2000. Official methods of analysis (17th Ed). Association of the Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.
Banos, N., Baro, J., Castejon, C., Navarro, I. and Gutierrez, J. 1998. Influence of high -carbohydrate enriched diets on plasma insulin levels and insulin and IGF-I receptors in trout. Regulatory Peptides, 77: 55 -62. doi: 10.1016/S0167 -0115(98)00041 -X
Bautista, J.M., Garrido -Pertierra, A. and Soler, G. 1988. Glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase from Dicentrarchus labrax liver: kinetic mechanis m and kinetics of NADPH inhibition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 967: 354 -363. doi: 10.1016/0304 - 4165(88)90098 -0
Caseras, A., Metón, I., Fernández, F. and Baanante, I.V. 2000. Glucokinase gene expression is nutritionally regulated in liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata ). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1493:135 - 141. doi: 10.1016/S0167 -4781(00)00173 -1
Caseras, A., Metón, I., Vives, C., Egea, M., Fernández, F. and Baanante, I.V. 2002. Nutritional regulation of glucose-6 -phosphatase gene expression in liver o f the gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ). Br. J. Nutr, 88:607 -614.doi: 10.1079/BJN2002701
Couto, A., Enes, P., Peres, H. and Oliva -Teles, A. 2008. Effect of water temperature and dietary starch on growth and metabolic utilization of diets in gilthead sea b ream (Sparus aurata ) juveniles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 151: 45 -50. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.013
Cui, X.J., Zhou, Q.C., Liang, H.O., Yang, J. and Zhao, L.M. 2010. Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohyd rate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.). Aquac. Res., 42: 99 -107. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 -2109.2010.02574.x
Degani, G. and Dosoretz, C. 1998. Source of dietary carbohydrate, how it affects fatty acid composition in European eels (Anguilla anguilla ). J. Aquac. Trop., 13: 261 -268.
Enes, P., Panserat, S., Kaushik, S. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2006. Rapid metabolic adaptation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different carbohydrate sources after heat sho ck stress. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 145: 73 -81. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.05.002
Enes, P., Panserat, S., Kaushik, S. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2008a. Hepatic glucokinase and glucose -6 - phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata ) juveniles reared at two temperatures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 149, 80 -86. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.10.012
Enes, P., Panserat, S., Kaushik, S. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2008b. Rearing temperature enhances hepatic glucokinase but not glucose-6 -pho sphatase activities in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata ) juveniles fed with the same level of glucose. Comp. Biochem.Physiol. A, 150: 355 -358. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.596.
Enes, P., Panserat, S., Kaushik, S. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2009. Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 35: 519 -539. doi: 10.1007/s10695 -008 -9259 -5
Enes, P., Panserat, S., Kaushik, S. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2010. Growth performance and metabolic utilization of diets including starch, dextrin, maltose or glucose as carbohydrate source by gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata ) juveniles. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 36: 903 - 910. doi: 10.1007/s10695 -009 -9366 -y
Fu, S.J. 2005. The growth performance of southern c atfish fed diets with raw, precooked cornstarch and glucose at two levels. Aquac. Nutr., 11:257 -261. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 -2095.2005.00348.x
Fu, S.J. and Xie, X.J. 2007. Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on routine metabolic rate in Silurus meridionalis . Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci., 35:7857 - 7859(In Chinese).
Furuichi, M. and Yone, Y. 1982. Availability of carbohydrate in nutrition of carp and red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 48:945 -948. doi: 10.2331/suisan.48.945
Gumus, E. and Ikiz, R. 2009. Effect of dietary levels of lipid and carbohydrate on growth performance, chemical contents and digestibility in rainbow trout. Pak. Vet. J., 29: 59 -63.
Oliva-Teles, A. 2000. Recent advances in European sea bass and gilthead sea bream nutrition. Aquac. In t., 8: 477 -492. doi: 10.1023/A:1009236517555
Hemre, G.I., Mommsen, T.P. and Krogdahl, A. 2002. Carbohydrate in fish nutrition: effect on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes. Aquac. Nutr., 8: 175 -194. doi: 10.1046/j.1365 - 2095.2002.00200.x
Hidalgo , M.C., Urea, E. and Sanz, A., 1999. Comparative study of digestive enzymes in fish with different nutritional habits. Proteolytic and amylase activities. Aquaculture, 170:3 -4. doi: 10.1016/S0044 - 8486(98)00413 -X
Hsieh, S.L. and Shiau, S.Y. 2000. Effects of diets containing different carbohydrates on starved condition in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Fisheries Sci., 66:32 -37. doi: 10.1046/j.1444 -2906.2000.00004.x
Hung, S.S.O. and Storebakken, T. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout is affected by feeding strategy. J. Nutr., 124:223 -230.
Hutchins, C.G., Rawles, S.D. and Gatlin, D.M. 1998. Effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and level on growth, body composition and glycemic response of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ). Aquaculture, 161:187 -199. doi: 10.1016/S0044 -8486(97)00269 -X
Kim, J.D. and Kaushik, S.J. 1992. Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture, 106: 161 - 169. doi: 10.1016/0044 -8486(92)90200 -5
Kirchner, S., Kaushik, S. and Panserat, S. 2003. Low protein intake is associated with reduced hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Nutr., 133:25 61 - 2564.
Lanari, D., Poli, B.M., Ballestrazzi, R., Lupi, P., D'Agaro, E. and Mecatti, M. 1999. The effects of dietary fat and NFE levels of growing European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Growth rate, body and fillet composition, carcass traits and nutrient retention efficiency. Aquaculture, 179:1 -4. doi: 10.1016/S0044 - 8486(99)00170 -2
Le, Moullac, G., Klein, B., Sellos, D., Van, Wormhoudt, A. 1997. Adaptation of trypsin, chymotrypsin and α- amylase to casein level and protein source in Penaeus vanname i (Crustacea Decapoda). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 208:107 -125. doi: 10.1016/S0022 - 0981(96)02671 -8
Liu, B., Xie, J., Su, Y., Yu, J., Tang, Y. and Ge. X, 2008. Effect of high carbohydrate levels of dietary on growth, GK activities and GK mRNA levels in Topmo uth culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker). Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1: 47 -53. (In Chinese). doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1035.2008.00045
Lin, J.H., Cui, Y.B., Hung, S.S.O. and Shiau, S.Y. 1997. Effects of feeding strategy and carbohydrate source on carbohyd rate utilization by white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus ) and hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus ). Aquaculture, 148:201 -211. doi: 10.1016/S0044 -8486(96)01420 -2
Lin, X., Luo, Y. and Xie, X. 2006. Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on glycolytic enzymes and serum glucose concentrations in the juvenile southern catfish after feeding. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 3: 304 -310. (In Chinese)
Lin, J.H. and Shiau, S.Y. 1995. Hepatic enzyme adaptation to different dietary carbohydrates in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 14:165 -170. doi: 10.1007/BF00002459
Moreira, I.S., Peres, H., Couto, A., Enes, P. and Oliva - Teles, A. 2008. Temperature and dietary carbohydrate level effects on performance and metabolic u tilisation of diets in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 27:153 -160. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.016
Panserat, S., Capilla, E., Gutierrez, J., Frappart, P.O., Vachot, C., Plagnes -Juan, E., Aguirre, P., Brèque, J. and Kaushik, S. 2001. Glucokinase is highly induced and glucose-6 -phosphatase poorly repressed in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) by a single meal with glucose. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 128: 275 -283. doi: 10.1016/S1096 -4959(00)00322 -5
Panserat, S., Médale, F., Blin, C., Brèque, J., Vachot, C., Plagnes -Juan, E., Gomes, E., Krishnamoorthy, R. and Kaushik, S. 2000a. Hepatic glucokinase is induced by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio ). Am. J. Physiol., 278:R1164 -R1170.
Panserat, S., Médale, F., Brèque, J., Plagnes -Juan, E. and Kaushik, S. 2000b. Lack of significant long -term effect of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic glucose -6 - phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ). J. Nutr. Biochem., 11: 22 -29. doi: 10.1016/S0955 -2863(99)00067 -4
Panserat, S., Plagnes -Juan, E. and Kaushik, S. 2002. Gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression is decreased by dietary carbohydrates in common carp (Cyprinus carpio ) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata ). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1579: 35 -42. doi: 10.1016/S0167 -4781(02)00501 -8
Plummer, P. 1987. Glycogen determination in animal tissues. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Book, Maidenhead. 332 pp.
Qiang. J., Yang, H., Wang, H., Kpundeh, M.D.and Xu, P. 2012. Interactive effects of temperature -dietary protein level on somatotropic gene expression and its interrelationship with growth in juvenile GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 364/365: 263 - 271. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.021
Rawles, S.D., Smith, S.B. and Gatlin, D.M. 2008. Hepatic glucose utilization and lipogenesis of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ) in response to dietary carbohydrate level and co mplexity. Aquac, Nutr.14: 40 -50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 - 2095.2007.00503.x
Small, B.C. and Soares, J.H.J. 1999. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on growth, glucose tolerance and liver composition of juveniles striped bass. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 61:286 -292. doi: 10.1577/1548 - 8454(1999)061_____0286:EODCOG>2.0.CO;2
Towle, H.C., Kaytor, E.N. and Shih, H.M. (1997) Regulation of the expression of lipogenic enzyme genes by carbohydrate. Annual of Review of Nutrition 17: 405 -433. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.17 .1.405
Tran -Duy, A., Smit, B., van Dam, A. A. and Schrama, J.W. 2008. Effects of dietary starch and energy levels on maximum feed intake, growth and metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus . Aquaculture, 277:213 - 219. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.200 8.03.004
Tranulis, M.A., Dregni, O., Christophersen, B., Krogdahl, Å. and Borrebaek, B. 1996. A glucokinase -like enzyme in the liver of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 114: 35 -39. doi: 10.1016/0305 -0491(95)02119 -1
Tung, P.H. and S hiau, S.Y. 1991. Effects of meal frequency on growth performance of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O.aureus , fed different carbohydrate diets. Aquaculture, 92: 343 -350. doi: 10.1016/0044 - 8486(91)90039 -A
Tung, P.H. and Shiau, S.Y. 1993 Carbohydrate utilization versus body size in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 104: 585 -588. doi: 10.1016/0300 -9629(93)90468 -J
van de Werve, G., Lange, A., Newgard, C., Mechin, M.C., Li, Y.Z. and Berteloot, A. 2000. New lessons in the regulation of glucose metabolism taught by the glucose 6 -phosphatase system. Eur. J. Biochem., 267: 1533 -1549. doi: 10.1046/j.1432 -1327.2000.01160.x
Wang, Y., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Du, Z.Y., Wang, J.T., Wang, S. and Xiao, W.P. 2005. Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus . Aquac. Res., 14: 1408 -1413. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 - 2109.2005.01361.x