Thandapany SIVAKUMAR, Rajendiran MANOHARAN

ERP: An efficient reactive routing protocol for dense vehicular ad hoc networks

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that provides an exchange of messages between vehicles. VANETs encourage researchers to create safety and comfort applications that will lead to intelligent transport systems. Conventional ad hoc routing methods may cause flooding of packets to find routes in a VANET. Hence, finding a route from the source to the destination vehicle by local broadcast techniques in densely populated urban areas may create a broadcast storm and network bandwidth is unnecessarily wasted to discover routes between source and destination vehicles. In this paper, an efficient routing protocol (ERP) is proposed to utilize the network bandwidth efficiently by avoiding unnecessary rebroadcast. This new protocol finds a minimum connected dominating set of vehicles (MCDSV) and treats them as a virtual backbone for communication in VANETs. Vehicles in the virtual backbone act as forwarders and are responsible for local broadcasting in the network. Vehicles that are not in the MCDSV are not allowed to broadcast packets as forwarders and hence the bandwidth utilization is minimized. The proposed protocol has been implemented in NS2 and its performance is compared with other routing protocols for packet delivery ratio, control overhead ratio, and average end-to-end delay.

PDF

___

[1] Blum JJ, Eskandarian A, Hoffman L. Challenges of inter-vehicle ad hoc networks. IEEE T Intell Transp 2004; 5: 347-351.
[2] Ghaffari M, Ashtiani F. A new routing algorithm for sparse vehicular ad hoc networks with moving destinations. In: IEEE 2009 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference; 58 April 2009; Budapest, Hungary. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 1-6.
[3] Chen ZD, Kung HT, Vlah D. Ad hoc relay wireless networks over moving vehicles on highways. In: 2nd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing Conference; 45 October 2001; Long Beach, CA, USA. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 247-250.
[4] Taleb T, Sakhaee E, Jamalipour A, Hashimoto K, Kato N, Nemoto Y. A stable routing protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks. IEEE T Veh Commun 2007; 56: 3337-3347.
[5] Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Netw 2005; 3: 325-349.
[6] Johnson DB, Maltz DA. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Kluwer Int Ser Eng C 1996; 353: 153-181.
[7] Perkins CE. Highly dynamic destination sequenced distance vector routing for mobile computers. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 2002; 24: 1-9.
[8] Dhurandher SK, Obaidat MS, Gupta M. A reactive optimized link state routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In: 17th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems; 12 December 2010; Athens, Greece. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 367-370.
[9] Pei G, Gerla M, Chen TW. Fisheye state routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems 2000; 10 April 2000; Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 71-78.
[10] Chakeres ID, Belding-Royer EM. AODV routing protocol implementation design. In: 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems 2003; 2326 March 2004; Tokyo, Japan. pp. 698-703.
[11] Manvi SS, Kakkasageri MS, Mahapurush CV. Performance analysis of AODV, DSR and SWARM intelligence routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc network environment. In: International Conference on Future Computer and Communication; 35 April 2009; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 21-25.
[12] Marina MK, Das SR. Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing. Wirel Commun Mob Com 2006; 6: 969-988.
[13] Sharef BT, Alsaqour RA, Ismail M. Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 2014; 40: 363-396.
[14] Shastri A, Dadhich R, Poonia RC. Performance analysis of on-demand routing protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 2011; 3: 103-111.
[15] Karp B, Kung HT. GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. In: 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking; 611 August 2000; Boston, MA, USA. pp. 243-254.
[16] Lochert C, Mauve M, F¨ußler H, Hartenstein H. Geographic Routing in City Scenarios. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 2005; 9: 69-72.
[17] Liu J, Wan J, Wang Q, Deng P, Zhou K, Qiao Y. A survey on position based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks. Telecommun Syst 2016; 62: 1-16.
[18] Naumov V, Gross TR. Connectivity-aware routing in vehicular ad hoc networks. In: 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications; 612 May 2007; Anchorage, AK, USA. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 1919-1927.
[19] Leontiadis I, Mascolo C. GeOpps: Geographical opportunistic routing for vehicular networks. In: IEEE 2007 World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks; 1821 June 2007; Espoo, Finland. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 1-6.
[20] Gandhi R, Parthasarathy S. Distributed algorithms for connected domination in wireless networks. J Parallel Distr Com 2007; 67: 848-862.
[21] Das B, Bharghavan V. Routing in ad hoc networks using minimum connected dominating sets. In: International Conference on Communications; 812 June 1997; Montreal, Canada. pp. 376-380.
[22] Issariyakul T, Hossain E. Introduction to Network Simulator NS2. 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2009.
[23] Santana SR, Sanchez-Medina JJ, Rubio-Royo E. How to simulate traffic with SUMO. In: Computer Aided Systems Theory EUROCAST 2015; 813 February 2015; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. pp. 773-778.
[24] Karnadi FK, Mo ZH, Lan KC. Rapid generation of realistic mobility models for VANET. In: IEEE 2007 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2007; 1115 March 2007; Hong Kong. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 2508-2513.