Plio-Quaternary stress states along the Kütahya Fault and surroundings, NW Turkey

The Kütahya Fault, which is one of the major neotectonic structures in western Anatolia, Turkey, is an active fault constraining the southern margin of the approximately E–W trending Kütahya Basin between the Eskişehir Fault to the north and the Simav Fault to the south. In the present study, inversion of both fault kinematic analysis of fault-slip data and focal mechanism solutions from the Kütahya Fault and surroundings is used to understand the Late Cenozoic stress states. The fault kinematic analysis result yieldedthree different stress regimes from Mio-Pliocene to Quaternary. Firstly, strike-slip faulting developed under a NE–SW trending local compressional regime with 51° ± 24° (σ1 ) and 140° ± 7° (σ3 ) trends and Rm ratio was calculated as 0.61, consistent with this faulting.NW–SE trending consistent extensional direction produced local normal faulting with 144° ± 3° (σ3 ) trend. Secondly, strike-slip faultingdeveloped under a NW–SE trending local compressional regime showing 143° ± 17° (σ1 ) and 51° ± 10° (σ3 ) trends and Rm ratio wascalculated as 0.51. Finally actual normal faulting developed under a NNE–SSW trend with a regional extensional direction showing 42° ± 14° (σ3 ) and Rm ratio of 0.56 at the present time. Inversion of the earthquakes gives a NNE–SSW extension direction with 21° ± 19° (σ3 )trend and Rm ratio calculated as 0.68 at the triaxial. The Kütahya Fault and surroundings are under an extensional regime at the present time. The reason for the regionally effective NNE–SSW trending extensional regime in western and southwestern Anatolian is complex subduction processes (roll-back, retreat, delamination, slab-tear, slab-break-off and/or slab-pull) of the African Plate and the Anatolian Platelet in the Mediterranean region.

PDF

___

Alçiçek MC, Kazancı N, Özkul M (2005). Multiple rifting pulses and sedimentation pattern in the Çameli Basin, Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173: 409-431.
Al-Lazki A, Seber D, Sandvol E, Türkelli N, Mohamad R, Barazangi M (2003). Tomographic Pn velocity and anisotropy structure beneath the Anatolian plateau (eastern Turkey) and the surrounding regions. Geophysical Research Letters 30.
Altınok S, Karabacak V, Yalçıner CÇ, Bilgen N, Altunel E, Kıyak NG (2012). Kütahya Fay Zonu’nun Holosen aktivitesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 55: 1: 1-17.
Ambraseys NN, Tchalenko JS (1972). Seismotectonic aspects of the Gediz, Turkey, Earthquake of March 1970. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30: 229-252.
Angelier J, Dumont JF, Karamanderesi H, Poisson A, Şimşek S et al. (1981). Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of Southwestern Anatolia since the Late Miocene. Tectonophysics 75: 1-9.
Arpat E, Şaroğlu F (1972). The East Anatolian fault system: thoughts on its development. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 78: 33-39.
Barka A (1992). The North Anatolian Fault Zone. Annales Tecton 6: 164-195.
Barka A, Reilinger R (1997). Active tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region: deduced from GPS, neotectonic and seismicity data. Annali di Geofisica 40 (3): 587-610.
Bilim F (2007). Investigations into the tectonic lineaments and thermal structure of Kutahya–Denizli region, western Anatolia, from using aeromagnetic, gravity and seismological data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 165: 135-146.
Biryol CB, Beck SL, Zandt G, Özacar AA (2011). Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophysical Journal International 184: 1037-1057.
Bozkurt E (2001). Late Alpine evolution of the Central Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 728-744.
Bozkurt E (2003). Origin of NE trending basins in Western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 16: 61-81.
Carey E (1979). Recherche des directions principales de contraintes associées au jeu d’une population de failles. Revue Geological Dynamic and Géography Physic 21: 57-66.
Carey-Gailhardis E, Mercier JL (1987). A numerical method for determining the state of stress using focal mechanisms of earthquake populations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 82: 165-179.
Cohen HA, Dart C, Akyüz HS, Barka A (1995). Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes Grabens, Western Turkey. Geological Society of London 152: 629-638.
Demirci A, Özden S, Bekler T, Kalafat D, Pınar A (2015). An active extensional deformation example: 19 May 2011 Simav earthquake (Mw=5.8), Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 12 (4): 525-565.
Dewey JF (1988). Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7 (6): 1123-1139.
Dewey JF, Şengör AMC (1979). Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society America Bulletin 90: 84-92.
Dreger DS (2002). Manual of the time-domain moment tensor inverse code (TDMT-INVC), release 1.1. Berkeley Seismological Laboratory Berkeley, 18.
Dumont JF, Uysal S, Şimşek S, Karamanderesi H, Letouzey J (1979). Formation of the grabens in Southwestern Anatolia. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute 92: 7-18.
Emre Ö, Doğan A, Özalp S (2013). 1:250000 scale active fault map series of Turkey. General Directorate Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey.
Erkul F, Tatar Erkul S, Manap HS, Çolak C (2017). An extensional and transtensional origin of elongated magmatic domes and localised transfer faults in the northern Menderes metamorphic core complex, western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 29: 1: 139- 159.
Faccenna C, Bellier O, Martinod J, Piromallo C, Regard V (2006). Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: a possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242: 85-97.
Faccenna C, Piromallo C, Crespo Blanc A, Jolivet L, Rossetti F (2004). Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the arcs of the western Mediterranean. Tectonics 23: TC1012.
Göğüş OH, Pysklywec RN, Corbi F, Faccenna C (2011). The surface tectonics of mantle lithosphere delamination following ocean lithosphere subduction: insights from physical-scaled analogue experiments. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12.
Gürer ÖF, Özburan M, Sangu E, Doğan B (2005). Kütahya dolayının Neotektonik incelemesi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü BAP-Proje, No: 2005/14.
Gündoğdu E, Özden S, Güngör T (2015). Simav (Kütahya) ve yakın civarının Geç Senozoyik yaşlı jeodinamik evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 58: 3: 23-38.
Jackson J, McKenzie DP (1988). The relationship between plate motion and seismic moment tensors, and the rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle-East. Geophys. J R Ast Soc 93: 45-73.
Jolivet L, Faccenna C, Huet B, Labrousse L, Le Pourhiet L et al. (2013). Aegean tectonics: strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics 597: 1-33.
Jolivet L, Brun JP (2010). Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. International Journal Earth Science (Geol Rundsch) 99: 109-138.
Karasözen E, Nissen E, Bergman EA, Johnson K L, Walters RJ (2016). Normal faulting in the Simav graben of western Turkey reassessed with calibrated earthquake relocations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 121: 6: 4553-4573.
Ketin İ (1948). Uber die tektonisch-mechanischen Folgerungen aus den grossen anatolischen Erdbeden des letzten Dezenniums. Geologische Rundchau 36: 77-83.
Koçyiğit A (1984). Güneybatı Türkiye ve Yakın Dolayında Levha İçi Yeni Tektonik Gelişim. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 27: 1-16.
Koçyiğit A, Bozkurt E (1997). Kütahya-Tavşanlı çöküntü alanının Neotektonik özellikleri. TUBİTAK Araştırma Projesi, No: YDABÇAG-126, 78.
Koçyiğit A, Yusufoğlu H, Bozkurt E (1999). Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in Western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156: 605-616.
Komut T, Gray R, Pysklywec R, Göğüş OH (2012). Mantle flow uplift of western Anatolia and the Aegean: interpretations from geophysical analyses and geodynamic modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 117.
Konak N (2002). 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasi İzmir paftası. MTA, Ankara, Turkey.
Le Pichon X, Angelier J (1979). The Hellenic arc and trench system: a key to the evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60: 1-42.
Le Pichon X, Angelier J (1981). The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A300: 357-372.
McClusky S, Balassanian S, Barka A, Demir C, Ergintav S et al. (2000). Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: B3: 5695-5719.
Mercier JL (1981). Extensional–compressional tectonics associated with the Aegean Arc: comparison with the Andean Cordillera of South Peru–North Belivia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 300: 337-355.
Mercier JL, Carey E, Sebrier M (1991). Paleostress determinations from fault kinematics: application to the Neotectonics of the Himalayas–Tibet and the Central Andes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A 337: 41-52.
Mercier JL, Delibassis N, Gauthier A, Jarrige JJ, Lemeille F et al. (1979). La néotectonique de l’Arc Egéen. Rev Geol Dyn Geogr Phys, Paris 21: 67-92.
Mutlu AK, Karabulut H (2011). Anisotropic Pn tomography of Turkey and adjacent regions. Geophysical Journal International 187 (3): 1743-1758.
Över S, Özden S, Pınar A, Yılmaz H, Kamacı Z et al. (2016). Late Cenozoic stress state distributions at the intersection of the Hellenic and Cyprus Arcs, SW Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 132: 94-102.
Över S, Özden S, Pınar A, Yılmaz H, Ünlügenç UC et al. (2010). Late Cenozoic stress field in the Çameli Basin, SW Turkey. Tectonophysics 492 (1-4): 60-72.
Över S, Özden S, Yılmaz H, Pınar A, Ünlügenç UC et al. (2013a). Plio-Quaternary stress regime in Eşen Çay Basin, SW Turkey. Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London, London, Special Publications 372: 547-560.
Över S, Yılmaz H, Pınar A, Özden S, Ünlügenç UC et al. (2013b). Plio-Quaternary stress states in Burdur Basin, SW-Turkey. Tectonophysics 588: 56-68.
Özburan M (2009). Kütahya ve Çevresinin Neotektonik Özellikleri. PhD, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Özburan M, Gürer ÖF (2012). Late Cenozoic polyphase deformation and basin development, Kütahya region, western Turkey. International Geology Review 54: (12): 1401-1418.
Özden S, Gündoğdu E, Bekler T (2015). Interactions between Eurasian/African and Arabian plates: Eskişehir Fault, NW Turkey. Journal of African Earth Science 11: 349-362.
Piromallo C, Morelli A (2003). P wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine-Mediterranean area. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 108: B2.
Roberts GP, Ganas A (2000). Fault-slip directions in central and southern Greece measured from striated and corrugated fault planes: comparison with source mechanism and geodetic data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 105: B10: 23443-23462.
Şaroğlu F, Emre Ö, Boray A (1992). Türkiye’nin Aktif Fayları ve Depremsellikleri. Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey.
Şengör AMC (1987). Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Review Earth Planetary Science 15: 213-244.
Şengör AMC, Özeren S, Genç T, Zor E (2003). East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure. Geophys Res Lett 30 (24): 8045.
Şengör AMC, Özeren MS, Keskin M, Sakınç M, Özbakır AD, Kayan İ (2008). Eastern Turkish high plateau as a small Turkictype orogen: implications for post-collisional crust-forming processes in Turkic-type orogens. Earth-Science Review 90 (1-2): 1-48.
Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75: 181-241.
Seyitoğlu G, Scott B (1991). Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geology Magazine 128: 155- 166.
Seyitoğlu G, Scott B (1992). The age of the Buyuk Menderes Graben (Western Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geology Magazine 129: 239-242.
Tokay F, Altunel E (2005). Eskişehir Fay Zonu’nun İnönü-Dodurga çevresinde Neotektonik aktivitesi. M.T.A. Dergisi 130: 1-15.
Wdowinski S, Ben-Avraham Z, Arvidson R, Ekstrom G (2006). Seismotectonics of the Cyprian Arc. Geophysical Journal International 164: 176-181.
Wortel MJR, Spakman W (2000). Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region. Science 290: 1910- 1927.
Yılmaz Y, Genç SC, Gürer OF, Bozcu M, Yılmaz K et al. (2000). When did the Western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In: Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Piper JDA (editors), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society Special Publication, Geological Society, London 173: 353-384.
Zanchi A, Angelier J (1993). Seismotectonics of western Anatolia: regional stress orientation from geophysical and geological data. Tectonophysics 222: 259-274.