Palaeoseismological investigations on the Karadere segment, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey

17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depremi ile Kuzey Anadolu Fayı’nın (KAF) Marmara Bölgesindeki beş segmenti kırılmıştır. Bu segmentlerden en doğudaki Karadere segmentidir. Kırılan diğer segmentler yaklaşık doğu–batı konumlu iken Karadere segmenti hem K65°D doğrultusu ile hem de diğer segmentlerde ölçülen ötelenme değerlerinden daha düşük ötelenme değerleri ile farklılık gösterir. Karadere segmenti üzerinde meydana gelmiş eski depremleri belirleyebilmek amacıyla segmentin orta kesimlerinde iki farklı lokasyonda (Kazimiye ve Karadere lokasyonları) paleosismolojik hendek çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Kazimiye hendeğinde 4.yy’dan sonra 1999 İzmit depremi dahil beş olay tespit edilmiştir. Karbon-14 tarihlendirmesine göre en eski olay M.S. 231–407’den sonra M.S. 420–584’den önce meydana gelmiştir. Bu olay seviyesi M.S. 358 veya M.S. 554 tarihsel depremlerinden birini temsil edebilir. Hendekte belirlenen daha genç üç olay seviyesi ise M.S. 420–584’den sonra 1999 tarihinden önce meydana gelmiştir. Karadere hendeğinde ise 1999 İzmit depremi dahil üç eski olay seviyesi belirlenmiştir. Bu seviyelere göre 1999 depreminden bir önceki olay M.S. 1298–1370’den sonra meydana gelmiştir. Daha yaşlı olan olay seviyesi ise M.S. 1150–1261’den önce meydana gelen bir depremi temsil etmektedir ve Kazimiye hendeğinde izlenen depremlerden biri ile deneştirilebilir. Palaeosismolojik veriler Karadere segmenti üzerinde M.S. 231–407’den sonra 1999 İzmit depremi dahil beş eski depremi işaret etmektedir.

Karadere segmenti üzerinde paleosismolojik araştırmalar, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu, Türkiye

Th e Karadere segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is the easternmost part that ruptured during the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (Mw 7.4). It has a diff erent orientation, at N65°E to other segments which have a nearly E–W trend, and lesser dextral displacement, with maximum 2.3 m in contrast with 5.2 m in the ruptured neighbouring western segment. Two palaeoseismological trenches, at Kazimiye and Karadere sites, were excavated on the central part of the Karadere segment to determine the timing of past earthquakes. Excavation of the Kazimiye site revealed the occurrence of fi ve past events since the 4th century A.D., including the 1999 İzmit earthquake. Th e oldest event occurred aft er A.D. 231–407 and before A.D. 420–584 based on 14C dating results. Th is event may correspond to either the A.D. 358 earthquake or the A.D. 554 historical earthquake. Th e younger three events predate 1999 and postdate A.D. 420–584. At the Karadere trench site, three past events, including the 1999 İzmit earthquake, were identifi ed. Th e penultimate event was observed on the trench wall and dated to be aft er A.D. 1298–1370. Th e older event is dated as before A.D. 1150–1261, which may correspond to one of the determined events in the Kazimiye trench. In summary, palaeoseismological data provide evidence for at least fi ve large earthquakes on the Karadere segment since A.D. 231–407, including the 1999 İzmit earthquake.

PDF

___

Abdüsselamoğlu, M.Ş. 1959. Geology of Almacık Mountains and Mudurnu and Göynük regions. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Monografi leri 14 [in Turkish].
Ambraseys, N.N. 1970. Some characteristic features of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Tectonophysics 9, 143–65.
Ambraseys, N.N. 2002. Th e seismic activity of the Marmara sea region over the last 2000 years. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 1–18.
Ambraseys, N.N. & Finkel, C.F. 1991. Long-term seismicity of İstanbul and the Marmara Sea region. Terra Nova 3, 527–539.
Ambraseys, N.N. & Finkel, C.F. 1995. Th e Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas. A Historical Review, 1500–1800. Eren Publishers, İstanbul.
Barka, A.A. 1992. Th e North Anatolian Fault zone. Annales Tectonicae 6, 164–95.
Barka, A.A. 1996. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, 1238– 54.
Barka, A.A., Akyüz, H.S., Sunal, G., Çakır, Z., Dİkbaş, A., Yerlİ, B., Altunel, E., Armijo, R., Meyer, B., Chabalier, J.B., Rockwell, T., Dolan, J.R., Hartleb, R., Dawson, T., Christofferson, S., Tucker, A., Fumal, T., Langridge, R., Stenner, H., Lettis, W., Bachhuber, J. & Page, W. 2002. Th e surface rupture and slip distribution of the August 17, 1999 İzmit earthquake, M= 7.4, North Anatolian Fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 43–60.
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2007. Deposition models for chronological records, Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 42–60.
Dİkbaş, A., Akyüz, H.S., Sancar, T., Zabcı, C. & Gutsuz, P. 2006. Paleoseismological investigations on the 17 August 1999 İzmit Earthquake surface rupture along the Karadere Segment. Abstracts, 10th Meetingof Active Tectonics Research Group, 2–4 November 2006, Dokuz Eylül University-İzmir, Turkey, p. 100 [in Turkish].
Dİkbaş, A., Akyüz, H.S., Gutsuz, P., Zabcı, C., Sancar, T. & Karabacak, V. 2009. Palaeoseismology of Karadere Segment (Between Akyazı-Gölyaka) on the Western Part of the North Anatolian Fault. Abstracts, 62nd Geological Assembly of Turkey, 13−17 April 2009, Ankara, p. 1017.
Duman, T.Y., Awata, Y., Yoshioka, T., Emre, Ö., Doğan A. & Özalp S. 2003. Detailed maps and inventories of the 1999 İzmit Surface Rupture. In: Emre, Ö., Awata, Y. & Duman, T.Y. (eds), Surface Rupture Associated with the 17 August 1999 İzmit Earthquake. General Directorate of Mineral Research & Exploration, Special Publications 1, 51–55.
Egeran, N. & Lahn, E. 1944. Note sur la carte sismique de la Turquie au 1:2.400.000. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Publications 9, 279–89.
Emre, Ö., Erkal, T., Tchepalyga, A., Kazancı, N., Keçer, M. & Ünay, E. 1998. Neogene–Quaternary evolution of the eastern Marmara region, northwest Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Bulletin 120, 119–145.
Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Toda, S., Okuno, M., Dogan, A., Özalp, S., Tsutsumi, H., Tokay, F., Haraguchi, T., Kondo, H., Sugito, N. & Nakamura, T. 2001. Paleoseismologic fi ndings on the Düzce Fault: North Anatolian Fault Zone, NW Turkey. EOS Transactions, AGU 82, 47, S52C-0651.
Emre, Ö., Awata, Y. & Duman, T.Y. (eds) 2003a. Surface Rupture Associated with the 17 August 1999 İzmit Earthquake. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Special Publications 1, Ankara.
Emre, Ö., Toda, S., Duman, T.Y., Sugai, T., Dogan, A., Awata, Y., Okuno, M., Tsutsumi, H., Özalp, S. & Tokay, F. 2003b. Recurrence of the large earthquakes on the 1999 İzmit and Düzce surface ruptures, North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, 04635.
Ferry, M., Meghraoui, M., Girard, J.F., Rockwell, T.K., Kozacı, O., Akyüz, H.S. & Barka, A.A. 2004. Ground-penetrating radar investigations along the North Anatolian Fault near İzmit, Turkey: Constraints on the right-lateral movement and slip history. Geology 32, 85–88.
Guidoboni, E. & Comastri, A. 2005. Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century. Istituto Nazionale di Geofi sica e Vulcanologia, ISBN: 88-85213-10-3.
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. & Triana, G. 1994. Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area up to the 10th Century. Istituto Nazionale di Geofi sica e Vulcanologia, ISBN: 88-85213-06-5.
Hartleb, R.D., Dolan, J.F., Akyüz, H.S., Dawson, T.E., Tucker, A.Z., Yerlİ, B., Rockwell, T.K., Toraman, E., Çakir, Z., Dİkbaş, A. & Altunel, E. 2002. Surface rupture and slip distribution along the Karadere segment of the 17 August 1999 İzmit and the western section of the 12 November 1999 Düzce, Turkey, earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 67–78.
Herece, A., & Akay, E. 2003. Atlas of North Anatolian Fault (NAF). Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Special Publications 1.
Hitchcock, C., Altunel, E., Barka, A.A., Bachhuber, J., Lettis, W., Kozacı, Ö., Helms, J. & Lindvall, S. 2003. Timing of Late Holocene earthquakes on the eastern Düzce fault and implications for slip transfer between the southern and northern strands of the North Anatolian Fault system, Bolu, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 119–136.
Ketİn, İ. & Rösli, F. 1953. Makroseismische Untersuchungen über das nordwest-Anatolische Beben vom 18 Marz 1953. Th e Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 46, 187–208.
Klinger, Y., Sieh, K., Altunel, E., Akoğlu, A., Barka, A.A., Dawson, T., Gonzalez, T., Meltzner, A. & Rockwell, T. 2003. Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 2317–2332.
Langridge, R.M., Stenner, H.D., Fumal, T.E., Christofferson, S.A., Rockwell, T.K., Hartleb, R.D., Bachhuber, J. & Barka, A.A. 2002. Geometry, slip distribution and kinematics of the surface rupture on the Sakarya fault segment during the 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, Earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 107–125.
Lettis, W., Bachhuber, J., Witter, R., Brankman, C., Randolph, C.E., Barka, A.A., Page, W.D. & Kaya, A. 2002. Infl uence of releasing step-overs on surface fault rupture and fault segmentation: examples from the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake on the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 19–42.
Öztüre, A. 1969. History of Nicomedia İzmit [in Turkish].
Pantosti, D., Pucci, S., Palyvos, N., De Martini, P.M., D’Addezio, G., Collins, P.E.F. & Zabcı, C. 2008. Paleoearthquakes of the Düzce fault (North Anatolian Fault Zone): Insights for large surface faulting earthquake recurrence. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, B01309.
Pavlides, S.B., Chatzipetros, A., Tutkun, Z.S, Özaksoy, V. & Doğan, B. 2006. Evidence for late Holocene activity along the seismogenic fault of the 1999 İzmit earthquake, NW Turkey. In: Robertson, A.H.F. & Mountrakis, D. (eds), Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 260, 635–647.
Reimer, P.J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C.J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E., Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M., Ramsey, C.B., Reiemer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuvier, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. & Weyhenmeyer, C.E. 2004. IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1029–1058.
Rockwell, T.K., Lindvall, S., Dawson, T., Langridge, R., Lettis, W. & Klinger, Y. 2002. Lateral Off sets on Surveyed Cultural Features Resulting from the 1999 İzmit and Düzce Earthquakes, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 79–94.
Sakin, O. 2002. İstanbul Earthquakes by Historical Sources. Kitabevi Publication, İstanbul, ISBN No: 975-7321-66-4 [in Turkish].
Stein, R.S., Barka, A.A. & Dieterich, J.H. 1997. Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International 128, 594–604.
Sugai, T., Awata, Y., Toda, S., Emre, Ö., Doğan, A., Özalp, S., Haraguchi, T., Kinoshita, H., Takada, K. & Yamaguchi, M. 2001. Paleoseismic Investigation of the 1999 Düzce Earthquake Fault at Lake Eft eni, North Anatolian Fault System, Turkey. Annual Report on Active Fault and Paleoearthquake Researches 1, Active Fault Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan.
Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö. & Kuşçu, İ. 1992. Active Fault Map of Turkey, 1:2,000,000 Scale. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publications, Ankara.
Ünay, E., Emre, Ö., Erkal, T. & Keçer, M. 2001. Th e Rodent fauna from the Adapazarı pull-apart basin (NW Anatolia): its bearing on the age of the North Anatolian Fault. Geodinamica Acta 14, 169–75.
Yılmaz, Y., Gözübol, A.M. & Tüysüz, O. 1982. Geology of an area in and around the Northern Anatolian transform fault zone between Bolu and Akyazı. In: Işıkara, A.M. & Vogel, A. (eds), Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction. Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany, F. Vieweg, 45–65.