CENGİZ ZABCI, HÜSNÜ SERDAR AKYÜZ, VOLKAN KARABACAK

4721

Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake

The 26 December 1939 Erzincan (Ms= 7.8) and 20 December 1942 Erbaa-Niksar (Ms= 7.1) earthquakes created a total surface rupture more than 400 km between Erzincan and Erbaa on the middle to eastern sections of the North Anatolian Fault. These two faulting events are separated by a 10-km-wide releasing stepover, which acted like a seismic barrier in the 20th century. To understand the rupture behaviour in this structurally complex section of the North Anatolian Fault, we undertook palaeoseismological trench investigations on the Kelkit Valley segment where there is little or no palaeoseismic information. We found evidence for three surface faulting earthquakes predating the 1939 event during the past millennium in trenches excavated in Reşadiye and Umurca. In addition to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, prior surface ruptures are attributed to the 17 August 1668, A.D. 1254 and A.D. 1045 events. Surface rupture of the 17 August 1668 Anatolian earthquake was previously reported in palaeoseismological studies, performed on the 1944, 1943, and 1942 earthquake fault segments. We suggest that the surface rupture of this catastrophic event jumped the 10-km-wide releasing stepover in Niksar and continued eastward to near Koyulhisar. The existence of different amount of offsets in field boundaries (sets of 4 m, 6.5 m, and 10.8 m) was interpreted as the result of multiple events, in which the 1939, 1668, and 1254 surface ruptures have about 4, 2.5, and 4 metres of horizontal coseismic slip on the Kelkit Valley segment of the North Anatolian Fault, respectively.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

North Anatolian Fault, palaeoseismicity, earthquakes, Kelkit Valley, Turkey, 1668 Anatolian earthquake

Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake

The 26 December 1939 Erzincan (Ms= 7.8) and 20 December 1942 Erbaa-Niksar (Ms= 7.1) earthquakes created a total surface rupture more than 400 km between Erzincan and Erbaa on the middle to eastern sections of the North Anatolian Fault. These two faulting events are separated by a 10-km-wide releasing stepover, which acted like a seismic barrier in the 20th century. To understand the rupture behaviour in this structurally complex section of the North Anatolian Fault, we undertook palaeoseismological trench investigations on the Kelkit Valley segment where there is little or no palaeoseismic information. We found evidence for three surface faulting earthquakes predating the 1939 event during the past millennium in trenches excavated in Reşadiye and Umurca. In addition to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, prior surface ruptures are attributed to the 17 August 1668, A.D. 1254 and A.D. 1045 events. Surface rupture of the 17 August 1668 Anatolian earthquake was previously reported in palaeoseismological studies, performed on the 1944, 1943, and 1942 earthquake fault segments. We suggest that the surface rupture of this catastrophic event jumped the 10-km-wide releasing stepover in Niksar and continued eastward to near Koyulhisar. The existence of different amount of offsets in field boundaries (sets of 4 m, 6.5 m, and 10.8 m) was interpreted as the result of multiple events, in which the 1939, 1668, and 1254 surface ruptures have about 4, 2.5, and 4 metres of horizontal coseismic slip on the Kelkit Valley segment of the North Anatolian Fault, respectively.
Keywords:

North Anatolian Fault, palaeoseismicity, earthquakes, Kelkit Valley, Turkey, 1668 Anatolian earthquake,

PDF

___

  • Akyüz, H.S., Hartleb, R., Barka, A.A., Altunel, E. & Sunal, G. 2002. Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12 November 1999 Düzce Earthquake (M 7.1), North Anatolian Fault, Bolu, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 61–66.
  • Ambraseys, N.N. & Finkel, C.F. 1988. Th e Anatolian Earthquake of 17 August 1668. In: Lee, W.H.K., Meyers, H. & Shimazaki, K. (eds), Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World. Academic Press, San Diego, 173–180.
  • Ambraseys, N.N. & Jackson, J.A. 1998. Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133, 390–406.
  • Ambraseys, N.N. & Melville, C.P. 1995. Historical evidence of faulting in Eastern Anatolia and Northern Syria. Annali Di Geofi sica XXXVIII, 337–343.
  • Ambraseys, N.N. & Zatopek, A. 1969. Th e Mudurnu valley, west Anatolia, Turkey, earthquake of 22 July 1967. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 59, 521–589.
  • Barka, A.A. 1992. Th e North Anatolian fault zone. Annales Tectonicae 6, 164–195.
  • Barka, A.A. 1996. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, 1238–1254.
  • Barka, A.A. 1999. Th e 17 August 1999 İzmit Earthquake. Science 285, 1858–1859.
  • Barka, A.A., Akyüz, H.S., Altunel, E., Sunal, G. & Çakır, Z. 2002. Th e surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 43–60.
  • Barka, A.A., Akyüz, H.S., Cohen, H.A. & Watchorn, F. 2000. Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Taşova-Erbaa pull-apart basins, North Anatolian Fault Zone: their signifi cance for the motion of the Anatolian block. Tectonophysics 322, 243–264.
  • Barka, A.A. & Kadinsky-Cade, K. 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its infl uence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 663–684.
  • Blumenthal, M.M. 1945. Ladik deprem hattı (Samsun ili); la ligne sismique de Ladik, Vilayet de Samsun. Maden Tetkik ve Arama (MTA) Dergisi 33, 153–174.
  • Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon ages. Radiocarbon 51, 337–360.
  • Dewey, J.W. 1976. Seismicity of Northern Anatolia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 66, 843–868.
  • Duan, B. & Oglesby, D.D. 2006. Heterogeneous fault stresses from previous earthquakes and the eff ect on dynamics of parallel strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, 1-15.
  • Ergİn, K., Güçlü, U. & Uz, Z. 1967. Türkiye ve Civarının Deprem Kataloğu (Milattan Sonra 11 yılından 1964 Sonuna Kadar) [Earthquake Cataloque of Turkey and Nearby Regions (From A.D. 11 to 1964)]. İTÜ Maden Fakültesi Ofset Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Fraser, J., Pigati, J.S., Hubert-Ferrari, A., Vanneste, K., Avşar, U. & Altinok, S. 2009. A 3000-year record of ground- rupturing earthquakes along the Central North Anatolian Fault near Lake Ladik, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, 2681–2703.
  • Fu, B., Awata, Y., Du, J., Ninomiya, Y. & He, W. 2005. Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the 14 November 2001 great Kunlun earthquake, northern Tibet, China. Tectonophysics 407, 43–63.
  • Guidoboni, E. & Comastri, A. 2005. Catalogues of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to 15th Century. Istituto Nazionale di Geofi sica e Vulcanologia, Rome.
  • Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. & Traina, G., 1994. Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Medditerranean Area up to the 10th Century. INGV, Roma.
  • Harris, R. & Day, S. 1993. Dynamics of fault interaction: parallel strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 4461– 4472.
  • Harris, R. & Day, S. 1999. Dynamic 3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 2089– 2092.
  • Hartleb, R.D., Dolan, J.F., Akyüz, H.S. & Yerlİ, B. 2003. A 2000-year-long paleoseismologic record of earthquakes along the central North Anatolian Fault, from trenches at Alayurt, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 1935–1954.
  • Hartleb, R.D., Dolan, J.F., Kozacı, Ö., Akyüz, H.S. & Seitz, G.G. 2006. A 2500-yr-long paleoseismologic record of large, infrequent earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault at Çukurçimen, Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, 823–840.
  • Ketin, İ. 1948. Ueber die tektonisch-mechanischen Folgerungen aus den grossen anatolischen Erdbeben des letzten Dezenniums. Geologische Rundschau 36, 77–83.
  • Ketin, İ. 1969. Kuzey Anadolu Fayı hakkında [About the North Anatolian Fault]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 72, 1–27 [in Turksih].
  • Knuepfer, P.L.K. 1988. Implications of the characteristics of end- points of historical surface fault ruptures for the nature of fault segmentation. In: Schwartz, D.P. & Sibson, R.H. (eds) Fault Segmentation and Controls of Rupture Initiation and Termination. U.S. Geological Survey, 193–228.
  • Kondo, H., Awata, Y., Emre, Ö., Doğan, A., Özalp, S., Tokay, F., Yildirim, C., Yoshioka, T. & Okumura, K. 2005. Slip distribution, fault geometry, and fault segmentation of the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake rupture, North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, 1234–1249.
  • Kondo, H., Emre, Ö. & Yıldırım, C. 2006. Surface ruptures associated with the 1942 and 1951 earthquakes along the North Anatolian fault system – implications for non-characteristic earthquakes and macroscopic barrier segments. EGU, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vienna. 8, 02473.
  • Kondo, H., Kürçer, A., Özalp, S. & Emre, Ö. 2009. Non- characteristic recurrence behavior on the 1942 Niksar-Erbaa earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian fault system, Turkey. EGU General Assembly – Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vienna. 11, EGU2009-7712-2.
  • Kondo, H., Özaksoy, V. & Yıldirim, C. 2010. Slip history of the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian Fault System: implications for recurrence behavior of multisegment earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, 1–16.
  • Kondo, H., Özaksoy, V., Yildirim, C., Awata, Y., Emre, Ö. & Okumura, K. 2004. 3D trenching survey at Demir Tepe site on the 1944 earthquake rupture, North Anatolian Fault System, Turkey. Annual Report on Active Fault and Paleoearthquake Researches, 231–242.
  • Kondorskaya, N.V. & Ulomov, V.I. 1999. Special Catalogue of Earthquakes of the Northern Eurasia (SECNE). http://www. seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/neurasia/nordasiacat.txt, Access date: 25.01.2009
  • Kurçer, A., Kondo, H., Özalp, S. & Emre, Ö. 2009. Paleoseismological fi ndings on the western portion of the surface rupture associated with 1942 Erbaa-Niksar earthquake, North Anatolian faut system, Turkey. EGU General Assembly - Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vienna 11, EGU2009-8733.
  • Lasserre, C., Peltzer, G., Crampe, F., Klinger, Y., Woerd, J.V.D. & Tapponnier, P. 2005. Coseismic deformation of the 2001 Mw= 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet, measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, 1–17.
  • Lettis, W., Bachhuber, J., Witter, R., Brankman, C., Randolph, C.E., Barka, A.A., Page, W.D. & Kaya, A. 2002. Infl uence of releasing step-overs on surface fault rupture and fault segmentation: examples from the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake on the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 19–42.
  • McKenzie, D. 1972. Active tectonic of the Mediterranean region. Th e Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30, 109–185.
  • Oglesby, D.D. 2005. Th e dynamics of strike-slip step-overs with linking dip-slip faults. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, 1604–1622.
  • Okumura, K., Rockwell, T.K., Duman, T., Tokay, F., Kondo, H., Yildirim, C. & Özaksoy, V. 2003. Refi ned slip history of the North Anatolian Fault at Gerede on the 1944 rupture. EOS Transacations, AGU, San Francisco. 84, S12B-0384.
  • Parejas, E., Akyol, I.H. & Altinli, E. 1942. 27 Aralık 1939 Erzincan yerdepremi (batı kısmı); la tremblement de terre d’Erzincan du 27 decembre 1939 (secteur occidentale). İstanbul University, Institute of Geology, Publications B6(Nos. 3-4); 10, 187–222.
  • Pınar, N. & Lahn, E. 1952. Türkiye Depremleri İzahlı Kataloğu [Earthquake Cataloque of Turkey with Explanations]. TC Bayındırlık Bakanlığı Yapı ve İmar İşleri Reisliği Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Pucci, S., Palyvos, N., Zabci, C., Pantosti, D. & Barchi, M. 2006. Coseismic ruptures and tectonic landforms along the Düzce segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Ms 7.1, November 1999). Journal of Geophysical Research 111, B06312–B06312.
  • Reimer, P.J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C.J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E., Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M., Ramsey, C.B., Reiemer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuvier, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. & Weyhenmeyer, C.E. 2004. IntCal04 Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1029–1058.
  • Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö. & Kuşçu, İ. 1992. Türkiye Aktif Fay Haritası [Active Fault Map of Turkey]. Maden Tetkik ve Araştırma Enstitüsü (M.T.A.).
  • Şengör, A.M.C. 1979. Th e North Anatolian transform fault; its age, off set and tectonic signifi cance. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 269–282.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Tüysüz, O., İmren, C., Sakınç, M., Eyİdoğan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X. & Rangin, C. 2005. Th e North Anatolian Fault: a new look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33, 37–112.
  • Seymen, İ. 1975. Kelkit Vadisi Kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun Tektonik Özellikleri [Tectonic Characteristics of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Kelkit Valley]. PhD Th esis, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • Shebalin, N.V. & Tatevossian, R.E. 1997. Catalogue of large historical earthquakes of the Caucasus. In: Giardini, D. & Balassanian, S. (eds), Catalogue of Large Historical Earthquakes of the Caucasus. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 201–232.
  • Soysal, H., Sİpahİoğlu, S., Kolçak, D. & Altınok, Y. 1981. Türkiye ve Çevresinin Tarihsel Deprem Kataloğu, MÖ. 2100 - MS. 1900 [Historical Earthquake Cataloque of Turkey and Its Surroundings, BC. 2100–AD. 1900]. TÜBİTAK Proje No TBAG-341, İstanbul [in Turkish].
  • Stuiver, M. & Quay, P.D. 1980. Changes in atmospheric Carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun. Science 207, 11–19.
  • Suess, H.E. 1965. Secular variations of the cosmic-ray-produced Carbon 14 in the atmosphere and their interpretations. Journal of Geophysical Research 70, 5937–5952.
  • Sugai, T., Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Yoshioka, T. & Kuşçu, İ. 1999. Geologic evidence for fi ve large earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault at Ilgaz, during the last 2000 years; a result of GSJ-MTA international cooperative research. In: Satake, K. & Schwartz, D.P. (eds), Th e Peleoseismology Workshop. USGS Open-File Report, 66-72.
  • Tan, O., Tapirdamaz, M.C. & Yoruk, A. 2008. Th e earthquake catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 405–418.
  • Wesnousky, S.G. 1988. Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults. Nature 335, 340–343.
  • Wesnousky, S.G. 2006. Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures. Nature 444, 358–360.
  • Wesnousky, S.G. 2008. Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures: issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, 1609–1632.
  • Wessel, P. & Smith, W.H.F. 1998. New, improved version of the Generic Mapping Tools released. EUS 79, 579.
  • Xu, X., Yu, G., Klinger, Y., Tapponnier, P. & Woerd, J.V.D. 2006. Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (Mw 7.8), northern Tibetan Plateau, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, 1–16.
  • Yoshioka, T., Okumura, K., Kuşçu, İ. & Emre, Ö. 2000. Recent surface faulting of the North Anatolian Fault along the 1943 Ladik earthquake ruptures. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan 51, 29–35.
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0985
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

The 6 september 2009 mw5.4 earthquake in Eastern Albania – FYROM border: focal mechanisms, slip model, shakemap

Anastasia A. KIRATZI

The North Anatolian Fault on the Hersek Peninsula, Turkey: Its Geometry and Implications for the 1999 İzmit Earthquake Rupture Propagation

ÖZGÜR KOZACI, ERHAN ALTUNEL, SCOTT LINDVALL

Western Termination of the Mw 7.4, 1999 İzmit Earthquake Rupture: Implications for the Expected Large Earthquake in the Sea of Marmara

GÜLSEN UÇARKUŞ, ZİYADİN ÇAKIR & ROLANDO ARMIJO

Palaeoseismological investigations on the Karadere segment, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey

Hüsnü Serdar AKYÜZ, Aynur DİKBAŞ

Geological, Geomorphological and Archaeoseismological Observations Along the Cibyra Fault and Their Implications for the Regional Tectonics of SW Turkey

Volkan KARABACAK

Geological and Palaeoseismological Evidence for Late Pleistocene−Holocene Activity on the Manisa Fault Zone, Western Anatolia

Çağlar ÖZKAYMAK, Hasan SÖZBİLİR, Bora Uzel & H. Serdar AKYÜZ

Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake

CENGİZ ZABCI, HÜSNÜ SERDAR AKYÜZ, VOLKAN KARABACAK

Geological and palaeoseismological evidence for late pleistocene−holocene activity on the Manisa Fault Zone, Western Anatolia

Hasan SÖZBİLİR, H. Serdar AKYÜZ, Çağlar ÖZKAYMAK, Bora UZEL

Karadere Segmenti Üzerinde Paleosismolojik Araştırmalar, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu, Türkiye

AYNUR DİKBAŞ & HÜSNÜ SERDAR AKYÜZ

6 Eylül 2009 Mw5.4 Doğu Arnavutluk − Makedonya Sınırı Depremi: Odak Mekanizmaları, Kayma Modeli, Sarsıntı Haritası

Anastasia A. KIRATZI