Nature, provenance and relationships of Early Miocene palaeovalley fills, Northern Adana Basin, Turkey: Their significance for sediment-bypassing on a carbonate shelf

Gildirli Formasyonu Adana Havzası’ndaki Neojen yaşlı en eski kaya birimidir ve bölgesel olarak geniş yayılım gösteren Erken Miyosen denizel transgresyonundan önce gelişmiştir. Kaba taneli kırmızı renkli katmanlar bu geniş çanağın erken dönem dolgusunun sebepleri hakkında önemli ipuçları sağlar, zira Gildirli Formasyonu sedimanları Paleozoyik ve Mesozoyik yaşlı temel kayaları üzerinde açılmış olan eski topografyayı doldurmaktadır. Gildirli Formasyonu’nu üzerinde yapılan ayrıntılı çalışmalar farklı kaynaklardan beslenen en az iki alüvyon yelpazesinin varlığını göstermektedir. Gildirli civarında yüzeyleyen kuzeydoğu yelpazesi ofiyolitik melanj, Mezozoyik ve daha yaşlı kireçtaşlarından türeyen malzemenin yüzeylendiği alandan beslenmektedir ve Gildirli Köyü ve civarındaki eski topografyanın düzensizliklerini doldurur. Nergizlik alanındaki güneybatı yelpazesinde ise, tamamı kireçtaşlarından oluşan ve temeli oluşturan bir kaynak alandan türeyen moloz akması ve yaygı sellenmesi çakıltaşları hakimdir. Güneybatı yelpazesinin alt seviyeleri yaklaşık D–B gidişli (havzanın kenarına koşut) dik yamaçlı eski vadileri dolduran düzenli katmanlı karbonat çakıltaşlarından oluşur, buna karşılık yelpazenin üst kısımları daha çamurludur ve kanallı akarsu ve taşkın ovası özellikleri gösterir. Bu iki yelpaze farklı kaynak alan karakteristikleri gösterir ve olasılıkla tektonik olarak kontrol edilen yelpazeler arasındaki daha önceden var olan yayvan alanları doldurmaktadır. Gildirli Formasyonu kırıntılarını takip eden havza kenarındaki Alt–Orta Miyosen çökelleri kısmen eşyaşlı, kısmen zamandan bağmsız fasiyes topluluklarının bir mozayiğini oluşturur. Bu mozayiğe esas olarak sığ denizel karakterli kırıntılı-karbonat karışımı birim (Kaplankaya Formasyonu), resifal platform karbonat birimi (Karaisalı Formasyonu) ve kaba kırıntılı denizaltı yelpaze sistemi (Cingöz Formasyonu) ile birlikte eş zamanlı derin denizel şeyler (Güvenç Formasyonu) dahildir. Karaisalı Formasyonu’nun kireçtaşı topluluğu bu alanda çökelme öncesi fayların varlığını gösteren karaya doğru tırmanan bir depolanma örneği sunar ve öneğimli (havzaya doğru eğimli) geometrilere sahiptir. Kısmen eşyaşlı olan Cingöz Formasyonu denizaltı yelpazesinin batı kısımları, Gildirli Formasyonu zamanı öncesinden beri süregelen eski vadinin olduğu alandan beslenmiştir. Bu vadiler havza kenarına paralel uzanırlar ve Gildirli Formasyonunun çökeliminden önce gelişen genişleme tektoniği ile gelişmiş olabilirler. Bu nedenle Orta Miyosen yaşlı denizaltı yelpazesinin bu kısmının gidişi, geometrisi ve yeri tektonik olarak oluşan Miyosen öncesi/Erken Miyosen paleomorfolojisi tarafından kontrol ediliyor görünmektedir.

Erken Miyosen yaşlı eski vadi dolgusunun tabiatı, sediman kaynağı ve ilişkileri: Bunların karbonat şelfinden sediman esgeçici için önemi

The Gildirli Formation is the oldest Neogene rock unit in the Adana Basin and was formed prior to the regionally extensive Early Miocene marine transgression. These coarse clastic red-beds provide important evidence about the causes and early phases of filling in this large trough, because the Gildirli Formation sediments fill an irregular palaeotopography carved out of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basement rocks. Detailed study of the Gildirli Formation reveals the existence of at least two alluvial fans supplied from different source areas. A northeastern fan, exposed around Gildirli Village, was fed by streams draining an area of ophiolitic mélange, Mesozoic and older limestones, and fills an irregular palaeomorphology around and northeast of Gildirli. The southwestern fan, in the Nergizlik area, is dominated by debris flow and sheet flow rudites derived from an area of entirely carbonate bedrock. The lower part of the southwestern fan is characterised by wellbedded carbonate breccias and conglomerates that occupy deep, steep-sided palaeovalleys with approximate E–W trends (parallelling the main basin-margin), whereas higher parts of this fan are muddier and show channelised fluvial and floodplain attributes. The two fans display different provenance characteristics and evidently were fed into an intervening pre-existing depression, probably tectonically controlled. The Lower to Middle Miocene sediments that succeed the Gildirli Formation fan clastics on this basin margin form a mosaic of facies associations, partly contemporaneous and partly diachronous. These include a mixed clasticcarbonate unit (Kaplankaya Formation) of mainly shallow marine character, a reefal to platform carbonate unit (Karaisalı Formation), and a coarse clastic submarine fan system (Cingöz Formation) together with its coeval deepmarine shales (Güvenç Formation). The limestone bodies of the Karaisalı Formation in this area display clinoformal geometries that accord with a backstepping pattern and also attest to pre-existing fault control of the steep basin margin. The western part of the partly contemporaneous Cingöz Formation submarine fan system has been supplied through a feeder-channel that now occupies the palaeovalley depression inherited from pre-Gildirli Formation times. The palaeovalley system shows a margin-parallel trend and might have been developed before the deposition of the Gildirli Formation by extensional tectonics. Thus the location, geometry and orientation of this sector of the mid-Miocene submarine fan appears to have been determined by the tectonically mediated pre-Miocene/Early Miocene palaeomorphology.

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