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• Acanthocythereis hystrix Around 30 m   Stambolidis 1985 Circalittoral, 75 m Muddy sands Yassini 1980
•   >50 m   Zangger & Malz 1989
• Aurila (different species) Mediolittoral-infralittoral (0–40 m) Posidonia, calcareous algae Lachenal 1989
•   5–20 m   Zangger & Malz 1989
• Aurila convexa Ubiquitarian (mediolittoral-upper circalittoral, 0–50/60 m) On algae, Posidonia detritus, sands, muds Lachenal 1989 Infralittoral (0–25 m) Yassini 1980
•   Around 30 m   Stambolidis 1985
• Bosquetina carinella Around 30 m   Stambolidis 1985
•   Between 100–200 m (maximum around 115 m) Silty sands, mud Yassini 1980
• Callistocythere (different species) <20 m   Stambolidis 1985 Mainly from 25 to 50 m Yassini 1980
•   Mediolittoral to infralittoral (4–24 m) Posidonia and algae Lachenal 1989
• Carinocythereis carinata Infralittoral-circalittoral (30–70 m), maximum abundance 30 m Posidonia silts, Yassini 1980
• (similar to Occlusacythereis) Infralittoral-circalittoral (0–104 m), common to frequent at 2–30 m Posidonia detritus, Posidonia Lachenal 1989
•   Maximum abundance around 10 m, but down until 30 m   Stambolidis 1985
• Costa edwardsi Circalittoral (50–100 m) Mud, silty sands Yassini 1980
•   Upper circalittoral (55–112 m) Silts Lachenal 1989
• Cytherelloidea sordida Infralittoral and circalittoral, 0–112 m Cymodocea, algae and silts Lachenal 1989
•   Maximum abundance between 50 and 1 00 m, present at 112 m Calcareous algae, mud Yassini 1980
• Cytheridea neapolitana 10–30 m   Stambolidis 1985 Mediolittoral-upper circalittoral (0–88 m) Muds, Posidonia detritus Lachenal 1989
•   0–50 m   Yassini 1980
• Loxoconcha ovulata Low-energy, near-shore   Zangger & Malz 1989 0–33 m, 15–24 °C, 34–38‰ Stambolidis 1985 Infralittoral (20–55 m) Algae, Posidonia, and silts Lachenal 1989
•   Infralittoral (20–28 m), infralittoral (30–40 m) Calcareous algae, Posidonia silts Yassini 1980
• Phlyctenophora rara Infralittoral Posidonia, calcareous algae Lachenal 1989
• Pontocythere (different species) Mediolittoral, upper infralittoral (0–2 m) Sands, Posidonia detritus Lachenal 1989
•   1–2 m   Zangger & Malz 1989
• Sagmatocythere (different species) Infralittoral-upper circalittoral (20–70 m) Muds, Posidonia detritus Lachenal 1989
• Semicytherura (different species) Infralittoral Vegetated bottoms Lachenal 1989
• Xestoleberis (different species) Infralittoral (10–15 m)   Stambolidis 1985
• Xestoleberis communis Low-energy, near-shore (dominant)   Zangger & Malz 1989 Between 0-25 m Yassini 1980
•   Mediolittoral-infralittoral Sands, silts, Posidonia, Zoostera Leaves and calcareous algae Lachenal 1989
• Xestoleberis ventricosa Upper circalittoral (55–112 m) Calcareous algae Lachenal 1989 as marshes, lagoons, and estuaries (Krstić & Pietrzeniuk 1972; Murray 2006 and references therein; Faranda et al. 2008), together with Cribroelphidium decipiens, indicates an enclosed marine environment characterized by sporadic local freshwater inputs that decreased the salinity.
• There is no clear evidence for oxygen depletion, although A. beccarii can tolerate an abundant input of organic matter (Nigam & Thiede 1983; Martins et al. 2006). The unstable environment recorded in the Adana-1 section can explain the poorly diversified assemblages recovered along the succession. Regardless of this issue, well-defined, if limited, open-sea influx is documented in the lower portion of the section by the presence of abundant and well preserved nannofloras, more diversified ostracod and foraminifer assemblages (among which Quinqueloculina gr. is rather well represented), and euhaline gastropods.
• In one sample from the lower part of the section, the calcareous nannofossil assemblages are marked by the common presence of discoasters that are indicative of an environmental niche of open-ocean warm waters. Their presence clearly indicates sporadic open marine influx. In contrast, the calcareous nannofossil assemblages found in most of the samples from the Adana-1 section indicate strong reworking, and the regular presence of U. jafari, which is considered an opportunistic species, could be interpreted as being due to restricted, near-shore marine environments (Wade & Bown 2006). The Handere Formation was deposited unconformably over the Kuzgun Formation, just above the MES, after a hiatus of at least 840 k.y. The subaqueous paleoenvironment documented in the Adana section by the benthic foraminifers and ostracod assemblages corresponds to a very unstable shallow brackish environment, which is characterized by high mesohaline salinity in the lower portion (“Cyprideis-Ammonia assemblage”; Grossi et al. 2008) and mesohaline salinity in the upper portion
• (“Cyprideis-Loxoconcha assemblage”; Grossi et al. 2008).
• The same unstable brackish environment has already been documented (Cipollari et al. 2012) in the western part of the Adana Basin in the Avadan composite section (AVA subsection), where Cyprideis agrigentina, Tyrrhenocythere sp., and Leptocytheridae indet. were recovered. Unpublished ostracod analyses of other outcrops of the Handere Formation in the Adana Basin at Kirilkaş, along the Menekşe Road, and at Gökkuyu gave similar results, recording the presence of Cyprideis agrigentina and Caspiocypris juv. In the latter localities, as in the Adana section, reworked marine ostracods were rarely abundant, indicating the periodic arrival of large amounts of siliciclastic material from the uplifting northwest margin to the rapidly subsiding basin. As suggested by several seismic lines and wells (Cosentino et al. 2010c; Cipollari et al. 2012), during the Messinian late Lago-Mare event
• (45–5.33 Ma), the Adana Basin was affected by high subsidence rates that caused the deposition of a thick succession of fluvial conglomerates (>1 km; Cosentino et al. 2010c; Cipollari et al. 2012) intercalated with brackishto fresh-water fine-grained deposits (Handere Formation).
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