Late Cretaceous–Eocene geological evolution of the Pontides based on new stratigraphic and palaeontologic data between the Black Sea Coast and Bursa (NW Turkey)

Karadeniz ile Bursa arasındaki bölgenin Geç Kretase–Eosen dönemindeki evrimi onbir stratigrafik kesitin ölçülmesi ve ayrıntılı biyostratigrafik belgelenmesi ile çalışılmıştır. Bölgede Üst Kretase istifi denizel bir transgresyon ile başlar ve kuzeyde Paleozoyik ve Triyas yaşta sedimenter kayalar (İstanbul-tipi temel), güneyde ise metamorfi k kayalar ve Jura kireçtaşları üzerinde (Sakarya-tipi temel) uyumsuzlukla yer alır. Geç Kretase–Eosen zaman aralığında dört megaistif ayrılmıştır. Turoniyen–Geç Kampaniyen yaşlı birinci istif kuzey kesimlerde volkanik ve volkanoklastik kayalar, güneyde ise silisiklastik türbiditler ve kalsitürbiditlerden oluşur. Bu istifl er sırası ile magmatik yay havzası ve yay-önü havza istiflerine karşılık gelir. Kocaeli Yarımadası’nın güney kesimlerinde yeralan bir yükselim alanı bu iki farklı Kretase istifi ni ayırır. Geç Kampaniyen'de volkanizma ve klastik çökelim yerini pelajik kireçtaşı ve marl çökelimine bırakır. Geç Kampaniyen'den Geç Paleosen'e kadar çok geniş bir alanda Akveren Formasyonu'nun pelajik mikritleri çökelmiştir; sadece en güneyde Bursa çevresinde mikritler yanal olarak kalsitürbidit ve silisiklastik türbiditlere geçer. Üçüncü megaistif Bursa'dan kuzeye Karadeniz kıyısına kadar uzanan Erken Eosen yaşında kalın bir fliş kamasıdır. Tabanı önemli bir uyumsuzluk düzeyine karşılık gelen Alt Eosen flişi, Pontidler ile Anatolid-Torid Bloku'nun çarpışması sonucu retro- önülke havzasında çökelmiştir. Dördüncü megaistif ise Bursa'dan Armutlu Yarımadası kuzey kenarına kadar uzanan geç Erken–Orta Eosen yaşlı volkanik ve volkanoklastik kayalardır. Karadeniz kıyısından Bursa’ya kadar uzanan alandaki düzenli Üst Kretase–Eosen istiflerinin varlığı, yanal olarak izlenebilen fasiyes kuşakları, bölgede Geç Kretase–Eosen yaşta ofi yolit dilimleri veya yüksek basınç metamorfitlerinin bulunmaması, İstanbul ile Sakarya zonlarının Santoniyen öncesi bir araya geldiklerini göstermektedir.

Yeni stratigrafik ve paleontolojik veriler ışığında Pontidler’in Karadeniz sahil şeridi ile Bursa arasındaki Geç Kretase−Eosen jeolojik evrimi

The Late Cretaceous–Eocene geological evolution of northwest Turkey between the Black Sea and Bursa was studied through detailed biostratigraphic characterization of eleven stratigraphic sections. The Upper Cretaceous sequence in the region starts with a major marine transgression and lies unconformably on a basement of Palaeozoic and Triassic rocks in the north (İstanbul-type basement) and on metamorphic rocks and Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the south (Sakarya-type basement). Four megasequences have been diff erentiated in the Late Cretaceous–Eocene interval. The first one, of Turonian to Late Campanian age, is represented by volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks in the north along the Black Sea coast, and by siliciclastic turbidites and intercalated calcarenites in the south, corresponding to magmatic arc basin and fore-arc basin, respectively. A major ridge along the present southern margin of the Kocaeli Peninsula separated these two realms. In the Late Campanian, volcanism and clastic sedimentation gave way to the widespread deposition of the pelagic limestone and marl of the Akveren Formation; only in the extreme south near Bursa are the pelagic micrites of the Akveren Formation replaced by calciturbidites and siliciclastic turbidites. The age of the Akveren Formation ranges from Late Campanian to Late Palaeocene. The third megasequence is a thick flysch wedge of Early Eocene age, which extends from north of Bursa to the Black Sea coast. The base of the Lower Eocene flyschis marked by a major unconformity. The flysch wedge marks the collision between the Pontides and the Anatolide-Tauride Block. The fourth megasequence is a thick volcanic and volcaniclastic series of late Early to Middle Eocene age, which extends from north of Bursa to the northern margin of the Armutlu Peninsula. The coherent Upper Cretaceous–Eocene stratigraphy, the laterally traceable facies belts, absence of ophiolitic slices and high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary series in the region between the Black Sea and Bursa indicate pre-Santonian juxtaposition of the İstanbul and Sakarya zones.

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Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0985
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

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