Yawooz A. KETTANAH

2113

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

The Quaternary Zarloukh Bentonite –Tuff (ZBT) deposit occurs within the Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq. The ZBT deposit occurs as depression-filling exposed on the erosional surface of the siliciclastic Pliocene Muqdadiya Formation and covered by an overburden of recent sediments. The thickness of the studied industrial bentonite bed is ~80−100 cm, occurring at the bottom of these depressions, covered by ~3−4 m thick bedded volcanic tuff, which also contains many 10–12 cm thick bentonite layers along its bedding planes. The volcanic ash at the bottom of lakes/swamps with shallow water content acted as basins for the deposition of falling volcanic ash, which immersed in water and devitrified to bentonite at a later stage by hydration and chemical interactions, meanwhile the continued fallen ash consolidated as tuff beds protecting the bentonite formed at the bottom of the depressions. The bentonite bed shows mini-scale trough crossbedding as a sign for its formation within a low energy, shallow agitated water in lakes/swamps. The bentonite and its precursor tuff show some differences in the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, and K representing the exchangeable elements in smectite (montmorillonite), which is the predominant clay mineral in bentonite because of the probable gain of bentonite for these elements during the process of bentonitization of volcanic ash, which also formed the tuff. The ZBT has most probably the same origin as the Hemrin Basalt located NW of ZBT deposit. The chondrite-normalized REEs distribution pattern of ZBT and the Hemrin Basalt is similar, both showing enrichment and negative slope for the LREEs relative to the flat-lying HREEs. The Th vs. Co and the Th/ Yb vs. Ta/Yb diagrams indicated that the ZBT and the Hemrin Basalt fall within the field of high-K calc-alkaline basalt and shoshonite and the andesitic basalt-andesite rocks reflecting their common origin.
PDF

___

  • Abdioğlu E, Arslan M, Kolayli H, Kadir S (2004). Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Tirebolu (Giresun) bentonite deposits, NE Turkey. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 (11): A416–A416.
  • Abdioğlu E, Arslan M (2005). Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of bentonites of the Ordu area, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals 40: 131–151.
  • Al-Bassam KS (2012). Mineral deposits and occurrences of the low folded zone. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, Special Issue, No.5: Geology of the Low Folded Zone, pp. 159–188.
  • Al-Hassan MES, Al-Zaidi AH (2012). Sedimentation and facies analysis of volcaniclastic unit within Maqdadia Formation, Injana area, southern Hemrin, NE Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science 53 (4): 832–841.
  • Al-Maini J (1975). Preliminary geological report on Emgarin and Tayawi bentonite deposits. GEOSURV Internal Report No. 697.
  • Al-Naqib KM (1960). Geology of southern area of Kirkuk Liwa, Iraq. Tech. Publ. of IPC, 50p.
  • Al-Naqib KM (1967). Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Southwestern Iraq. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Geology, 54 pages.
  • Arslan M, Abdioğlu E, Kadir S (2010). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of bentonite in Upper Cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu area, Giresun, northeast Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 58 (1): 120–141.
  • Barwary AM, Slewa NA (1991). The Geology of Samarra quadrangleNI-38-6, Scale 1: 250,000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Basi MA (1973). Geology of Injana area. Hemrin South. M.Sc. thesis. Baghdad University, Baghdad, 127p.
  • Basi MA, Jassim SZ (1974). Baked and fused Miocene sediments from Injana area, Hemrin South, Iraq. Journal of the Geological Society of Iraq 7: 1–14.
  • Biscaye PE (1965). Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deepsea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin 76: 803–832.
  • Brown G (1961). The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals. Mineralogical Society (Clay Minerals Group), London, 543 pp.
  • Carroll D (1970). Clay minerals: A guide to their X Ray identification. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Paper 126, Colorado 80p.
  • Carver RE (1971). Procedures in sedimentary petrography. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 458 p.
  • Christidis GE, Huff WD (2009). Geological aspects and genesis of bentonites. Elements 5: 93–98.
  • Çiflikli M, Çiftçi E, Bayhan H (2013). Alteration of glassy volcanic rocks to Na and Ca-smectites in the Neogene basin of Manisa, western Anatolia, Turkey. Clay Minerals 48: 513–527.
  • Çoban F, Ece OI (1999). Fe3+ rich montmorillonite-beidellite series in Ayvacık bentonite deposit, Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 47 (2): 165–173.
  • El-Khafaji SJR (1989). Rare-Earth Elements Geochemistry of the Industrial Clay Deposits in Iraq. Baghdad University, Baghdad, M.Sc. thesis, 146p.
  • Elliott WC, Wampler JM, Kadir S, Külah T, Hewitt KC et al. (2020). K–Ar age constraints on the sources of K minerals in bentonites of the Ankara-Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 109 (7): 2353–2367.
  • Fatahi SH, Calagari AA, Abedini A, Bagheri H (2015). Geochemical aspects of Chahreeseh bentonite deposit, northeast of Isfahan, Central Iran Structural Zone. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences 24 (95): 287–296 (In Persian with English abstract).
  • Fatahi S, Mackizadeh M, Khani N, Bayat S (2020). Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of Mollaahmad Pass bentonite deposit, Naein, Isfahan Province, Iran. Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia. 17 (1): 61–87. doi: 10.13168/AGG.2020.0005 Folk RL (1974). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Austin, TX: Hamphill, 159p.
  • Gipson M (1966). A study of the relations of depth, porosity, and clay mineral orientation in Pennsylvanian shales. Journal of Sedimentary Research 36 (4): 888–903.
  • Grim RE, Güven N (1978). Bentonites: Geology, Mineralogy, Properties and Uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 13–137.
  • Hastie AR, Kerr AC, Pearce JA, Mitchell SF (2007). Classification of altered Volcanic Island Arc Rocks using immobile trace elements: development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 48: 2341–2357.
  • Kadir S, Erman H, Erkoyun H (2011). Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal kaolinite deposits within Neogene volcanites, Kütahya (western Anatolia), Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 59 (3): 250–276.
  • Kadir S, Külah T, Erkoyun H, Christidis GE, Arslanyan R (2019). Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of bentonite deposits in Miocene volcano–sedimentary units of the Balikesir region, western Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 67 (5): 371–398.
  • Kadir S, Külah T, Erkoyun H, Uyanık NÖ, Eren M et al. (2021). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of bentonites in Upper Cretaceous pyroclastics of the Bereketli member of the Reşadiye Formation, Reşadiye (Tokat), Turkey. Applied Clay Science 204: 106024.
  • Karakaş Z, Kadir S (2000). Devitrification of volcanic glasses in Konya volcanic units, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 9 (1): 39–46.
  • Karakaya MC, Karakaya N, Kupeli S (2011). Mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Na – and Ca- bentonite of Ordu (NE Turkey). Clay and Clay Minerals 59: 75–94.
  • Kettanah YA, Abdulrahman AS, Ismail SA, MacDonald DJ, Al Humadi H (2021). Petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Hemrin Basalt, Northern Iraq: Implications for petrogenesis and geotectonics. Lithos 390–391 (5−6): 106109.
  • Khatami SSH, Mackizadeh MA, Shamsabadi H (2012). Study of volcaniclastic deposits and formation style of bentonite mine of Chahriseh Abgarm anticline (northeast of Isfahan). Journal of Geotechnical Geology (Applied Geology) 8 (3): 215−224.
  • Koutsopoulou E, Christidis GE, Marantos I (2016). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and physical properties of bentonites from the western Thrace Region and the islands of Samos and Chios, east Aegean, Greece. Clay Minerals 51: 563–588.
  • Kukal Z, Al-Jassim J (1971). Sedimentology of Pliocene molasse sediments of the Mesopotamian geosyncline. Sedimentary Geology 5 (1): 57−81.
  • Külah T, Erkoyun H, Elliott WC (2017). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of bentonites in Miocene volcanic-sedimentary units of the Ankara-Çankiri basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 65 (2): 64–91.
  • Malek-Mahmoodi F, Khalili M, Mirlohi A (2013). The origin of the Bentonite deposits of Tashtab Mountains (Central Iran): Geological, Geochemical, and Stable Isotope evidences. The Journal of Geopersia 3 (2): 73–86.
  • Modabberi S, Namayandeh A, Setti M, Lopez-Galindo A (2019). Genesis of the Eastern Iranian bentonite deposits. Applied Clay Science 168: 56–67.
  • Mohammed IQ (2019). Bentonite and smectite-rich shale deposits of Iraq: The Geology and Economic Potential of Mineral Deposits and Occurrences of Iraq, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining Special Issue 8: 175−202.
  • Nakhaei M, Mohammadi SS, Rasa I, Samiee S (2019). Study of mineralogy, geochemistry and elemental behavior in the process of bentonites formation in Sarbisheh area (South Khorasan, east of Iran). Iranian Society of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (1): 207–220.
  • Pearce JA (1983). Role of sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active margins. In: Hawkesworth CJ, Norry MJ (Eds.), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva Publishers, Nantwich, UK, pp. 230−249.
  • Sissakian V, Fouad SF (2012). Geological Map of Iraq, 1:1 000 000 Scale Series, Geological Map Publication of GEOSURV, Iraq.
  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985). The Continental Crust: Its composition and evolution: An examination of the geological record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Oxford, UK: Blackwell 328 pp.
  • Thorez J (1976). Practical identification of clay minerals: A handbook for teachers and students in clay mineralogy. Editions G. Lelotte, 90 pp.
  • van Bellen RC, Dunnington HV, Wetzel, Morton DM (1959). Lexique Stratigraphique International. Asie, Fase, 10a, Iraq. Paris: CNRS, 1-333.
  • Wilson M, Bianchini G (1999). Tertiary-Quaternary magmatism within the Mediterranean and surrounding regions. Geological Society Special Publication 156: 141−168.
  • Yalçın H, Gümüşer G (2000). Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Late Cretaceous bentonite deposits of the Kelkit Valley Region, Northern Turkey. Clay Minerals 35: 807−825.
  • Yıldız A, Dumlupunar I (2009). Mineralogy and geochemical affinities of bentonites from Kapıkaya (Eskişehir, western Turkey). Clay Minerals 44 (3): 339–360.
  • Yıldız A, Kuşcu M (2004). Origin of the Başoren (Kutahya, W Turkey) bentonite deposits. Clay Minerals 39: 219–231.
  • Yıldız A, Kuşcu M (2007). Mineralogy, chemistry and physical properties of bentonites from Başoren, Kutahya, W Anatolia, Turkey. Clay Minerals 42: 399–414.
  • Zainal YM (1977). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of some Tertiary bentonites in Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis. Sheffield University, UK.
  • Zainal YM. Jargees S (1972). Geological report on Qara-Tappa bentonite. GEOSURV, Internal Report No. 546.
  • Zainal YM, Jargees S (1973). Preliminary geological report on Zarloukh montmorillonite clay (bentonite) prospect. GEOSURV, Internal Report No. 578.
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0985
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Quantifying the bathymetric stripping gravity corrections of global seawater and major lakes over Turkey

Mehmet SİMAV, Hasan YILDIZ

Generation of collision-induced Early to Middle Miocene adakitic magmas in Pertek (Tunceli) area from Eastern Anatolia postsubductional setting, Turkey

Hakan ÇOBAN, Sevcan KÜRÜM, Pınar AYDIN

Tectonic evolution of the central part of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Eastern Turkey

Elif AKGÜN, Murat İNCEÖZ

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

Yawooz A. KETTANAH

Structural characteristics of transtensional fault system and its implication for hydrocarbon accumulation in S Block, South Asia area

Yuwen DONG, Iftikhar SATTI, Maman HERMANA, Xu CHEN