Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable palm palmitic acid based bioplastic
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable palm palmitic acid based bioplastic
This study involves the quantitative analysis of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, the separation of palmitic acid and synthesis of palm palmitic acid-based bioplastic. Synthesis of dimethyl 2-tetradecylmalonate (DMTDM) using methyl palmitate (MP) with sodium hydride (NaH) in the presence of reactive solvent of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was carried out. The reaction conditions comprise at a mole ratio of MP: DMC: NaH: dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.1:2:0.25:1) at 60 °C for 14 h with 88.3 ± 1.4% yield. FTIR spectra of DMTDM showed the ester carbonyl group at 1740 cm–1. The polymerization of DMTDM with 1,6-hexandiol or 1,12-dodecandiol was carried out using titanium (IV) isopropoxide $Ti(OiPr)_4$ as the catalyst and reaction time of 24 h. The results showed that the poly(dodecyl 2-tetradecylmalonte) (PDTDM) exhibited good thermal properties compared to poly(hexyl 2-tetradecylmalonte) (PHTDM). The increase of the chain length of diol in PDTDM improved the thermal properties of polyester with glass transition, $T_g$ of 13 ºC and melting point of 51 ºC with a molecular weight of 12508 Da and polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.4. In general, the synthetic polyesters can be used as internalplasticizer in bio-based industry
___
- 1. Azeman NH, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Yunus R, Hamidon MN et al. Study on the spectrophotometric detection of free fatty acids in palm oil utilizing enzymatic reactions. Molecules 2015; 20 (7): 12328-12340. doi: 10.3390/molecules200712328
- 2. Johari A, Nyakuma BB, Nor SHM, Mat R, Hashim H et al. The challenges and prospects of palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. Energy 2015; 81: 255-261. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.037
- 3. Gumel A, Annuar M, Chisti Y. Recent advances in the production, recovery and applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Journal of Polymers and Environment 2013; 21 (2): 580-605. doi: 10.1007/s10924-012-0527-1
- 4. John AP, Javier MN, Jimmy AL, Juan CH, Carlos AC. Design and analysis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production processes from crude glycerol. Process Biochemistry 2011; 46(1):310-317.doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.003
- 5. Wang J, Tan H, Li K, Yin H. Two-stage fermentation optimization for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production from methanol by a new Methylobacterium isolate from oil fields. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2020; 128 (1): 171-181. doi: org/10.1111/jam.14463
- 6. Sudesh K, Bhubalan K, Chuah J-A, Kek Y-K, Kamilah H et al. Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate from palm oil and some new applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2011; 89 (5): 1373-1386. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3098-5
- 7. Tan C-H, Ghazali HM, Kuntom A, Tan C-P, Ariffin AA. Extraction and physicochemical properties of low free fatty acid crude palm oil. Food Chemistry 2009; 113 (2): 645-650. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.052
- 8. Gunstone FD, Hadwood J, Dijkstna AJ. The Lipid Handbook. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: CRC Press, 2007.
- 9. Sherazi STH, Kandhro A, Mahesar SA, Bhanger MI, Talpur MY et al. Application of transmission FT-IR spectroscopy for the trans fat determination in the industrially processed edible oils. Food Chemistry 2009; 114 (1): 323-327. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.058
- 10. Kolb N, Meier MA. Monomers and their polymers derived from saturated fatty acid methyl esters and dimethyl carbonate. Green Chemistry 2012; 14 (9): 2429-2435. doi: 10.1039/c2gc35793c
- 11. Maria AB, Antonio S. High-resolution $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance in the study of oils. In: Graham AW (editor). Modern Magnetic Resonance. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2006, pp. 1623-1628. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-3910-7_184
- 12. Liu F, Kong W, Wang L, Yi X, Noshadi I et al. Efficient biomass transformations catalyzed by graphene-like nanoporous carbons functionalized with strong acid ionic liquids and sulfonic groups. Green Chemistry 2015; 17 (1): 480-489. doi: 10.1039/c4gc01052c
- 13. Charles RH, Boyd EH. The acetoacetic ester condensation and certain related reactions. In: Organic reactions. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2011, pp. 266-302. doi: 10.1002/0471264180.or001.09
- 14. Tundo P, Musolino M, Aricò F. The reactions of dimethyl carbonate and its derivatives. Green Chemistry 2018; 20 (1): 28-85.doi: 10.1039/ c7gc01764b
- 15. Carey FA, Sundberg RJ. Carbanions and other carbon nucleophiles. In: Boston MA (editor). Advanced Organic Chemistry. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2007, pp. 579-628. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-44899-2_6
- 16. Isac CN, Josefredo RP. Counter-ion and solvent effects in the C- and O-alkylation of the phenoxide ion with allyl chloride. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2019; 32(7): e3947. doi: 10.1002/poc.3947