___

• Abbaspour H (2012). Effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and proline accumulation in pistachio plants. J Med Plants Res 6: 526–529.
• Abraham E, Rigo G, Szekely G, Nagy R, Koncz C, Szabados L (2003). Light-dependent induction of proline biosynthesis by abscisic acid and salt stress is inhibited by brassinosteroid in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 51: 363–372.
• Aggarwal M, Sharma S, Kaur N, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Kaur R, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H (2011). Exogenous proline application reduces phytotoxic effects of selenium by minimising oxidative stress and improves growth in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris  L.) seedlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 140: 354–367.
• Ahmad A, Hadi F, Ali N (2015). Effective phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) with increasing concentration of total phenolics and free  proline  in Cannabis sativa (L) plant under various treatments of fertilizers, plant growth regulators and sodium salt. Int J Phytoremediation 17: 56–65.
• Ahmed CB, Rouina BB, Sensoy S, Boukhriss M, Abdullah FB (2010). Exogenous proline effects on photosynthetic per formance and antioxidant defense system of young olive tree. J Agric Food Chem 58: 4216–4222.
• Akiyama T, Pillai MA (2003). Isolation and characterization of a gene for a repetitive proline rich protein (OsPRP) down-regulated during submergence in rice (Oryza sativa). Physiol Plant 118: 507–513.
• Ali Q, Ashraf M, Athar HUR (2007). Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pak J Bot 39: 1133–1144.
• Almeida P, Feron R, de Boer GJ, de Boer AH (2014). Role of Na+, K+, Cl-, proline and sucrose concentrations in determining salinity tolerance and their correlation with the expression of multiple genes in tomato. AoB PLANTS 6: plu039.
• Anjum NA, Sofo A, Scopa A, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Iqbal M, Lukatkin AS, Pereira E, Duarte AC, Ahmad I (2014). Lipids and proteins --- major targets of oxidative modifications in abiotic stressed plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22: 4099–4121.
• Arfan M, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2007). Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress? J Plant Physiol 164: 685–694.
• Armengaud P, Thiery L, Buhot N, Grenier-de March G, Savoure, A (2004). Transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula reveals developmental and environmental specific features. Physiol Plant 120: 442–450.
• Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007). Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. Environ Exp Bot 59: 206–216.
• Athar HR, Ashraf M (2005). Photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Pessarakli M, editor. Handbook of Photosynthesis. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, pp 793–804.
• Ayliffe MA, Roberts JK, Mitchell HJ, Zhang R, Lawrence GJ, Ellis JG, Pryor TJ (2002). A plant gene up-regulated at rust-infection sites. Plant Physiol 129: 169–180.
• Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A (2014). Metabolic engineering of lipids in plants. J Plant Sci Res 1: 112.
• Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A (2015a). WRKY proteins: signaling and regulation of expression during abiotic stress responses. Sci World J 2015: 807560.
• Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A (2015b). Group II late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins: structural and functional aspects in plant abiotic stress. Plant Growth Regul (in press).
• Bartels D, Dinakar C (2013). Balancing salinity stress responses in halophytes and non-halophytes: a comparison between Thellungiella and Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Plant Biol 40: 819–831.
• Bartels D, Sunkar R (2005). Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24: 23–58.
• Basu S, Roychoudhury A (2014). Expression profiling of abiotic stress-inducible genes in response to multiple stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with contrasting levels of stress tolerance. Bio Med Res Int 2014: 706890.
• Basu S, Roychoudhury A, Saha PP, Sengupta DN (2010). Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of three indica rice varieties during polyethylene glycol-mediated water stress exhibits distinct varietal differences. Acta Physiol Plant 32: 551–563.
• Batool E, Sajid ZA, Aftab F (2012). Effect of exogenous application of ascorbic acid on antioxidant enzyme activities, proline contents, and growth parameters of Saccharum spp. hybrid cv. HSF-240 under salt stress. Turk J Biol 36: 630–640.
• Ben Ahmed C, Ben Rouina B, Sensoy S, Boukhriss M, Ben Abdullah F (2010). Exogenous proline effects on photosynthetic performance and antioxidant defense system of young olive tree. J Agric Food Chem 58: 4216–4222.
• Bohnert HJ, Shen B (1999). Transformation and compatible solutes. Sci Hort 78: 237–260.
• Çelik Ö, Atak Ç (2012). The effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and proline content of two Turkish tobacco varieties. Turk J Biol 36: 339–356.
• Celik O, Unsal SG (2013). Expression analysis of proline metabolism- related genes in salt-tolerant soybean mutant plants. Plant Omics J 6: 364–370.
• Chan SW, Henderson IR, Jacobsen SE (2005). Gardening the genome: DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Rev Genet 6: 351–360.
• Cha-Um S, Kirdmanee C (2008). Effect of osmotic stress on proline accumulation, photosynthetic abilities and growth of sugarcane plantlets (Saccharum officinarum L.). Pak J Bot 40: 2541–2552.
• Cha-Um S, Kirdmanee C (2010). Effect of glycinebetaine on proline, water use, and photosynthetic efficiencies, and growth of rice seedlings under salt stress. Turk J Agric For 34:517-527.
• Chen C, Dickman MB (2005). Proline suppresses apoptosis in the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii. P Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 3459–3464.
• Chinnusamy V, Zhu JK (2009). Epigenetic regulation of stress responses in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12: 133–139.
• Chutia J, Borah SP (2012). Water stress effects on leaf growth and chlorophyll content but not the grain yield in traditional rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) genotypes of Assam, India II. Protein and proline status in seedlings under PEG induced water stress. Am J Plant Sci 3: 971–980.
• Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki M (2011). Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a systems biology perspective. BMC Plant Biol 11: 163.
• Cvikrová M, Gemperlová L, Dobrá J, Martincová O, Prásil IT, Gubis J, Vanková R (2012). Effect of heat stress on polyamine metabolism in proline-over-producing tobacco plants. Plant Sci 182: 49–58. da Costa RCL, Lobato AKS, Silveira JAG, Laughinghouse HD 4th (2011). ABA-mediated proline synthesis in cowpea leaves exposed to water deficiency and rehydration. Turk J Agric For 35: 309–317.
• Das K, Roychoudhury A (2014). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front Environ Sci 2: 53.
• De Lacerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA, Prisco JT (2003). Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Environ Exp Bot 49: 107–120.
• Deuschle K, Funck D, Forlani G, Stransky H, Biehl A, Leister D, van der Graaffe E, Kunzee R, Frommer WB (2004). The role of Δ’- pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in proline degradation. Plant Cell 16: 3413–3425.
• Di Martino C, Pizzuto R, Pallotta M, De Santis A, Passarella S (2006). Mitochondrial transport in proline catabolism in plants: the existence of two separate translocators in mitochondria isolated from durum wheat seedlings. Planta 223: 1123–1133.
• Djilianov D, Georgieva T, Moyankova D, Atanassov A, Shinizaki K, Smeeken SCM, Verma DPS, Murata N (2005). Improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants by accumulation of osmoprotectants- gene transfer approach. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 19: 63– 71.
• Fabro G, Kovacs I, Pavet V, Szabados L, Alvarez ME (2004). Proline accumulation and AtP5CS2 gene activation are induced by plant-pathogen incompatible interactions in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe In 17: 343–350.
• Fatemeh K, Nasrin M, Khosro P (2012). Increment of abiotic stress tolerance by metabolic engineering of compatible solutes. Int J Agric Crop Sci 4: 1856–1866.
• Fedina IS, Grigorova ID, Georgieva KM (2003). Response of barley seedlings to UV-B radiation as affected by NaCl. J Plant Physiol 160: 205–208.
• Funck D, Stadelhofer B, Koch W (2008). Ornithine-α- aminotransferase is essential for arginine catabolism but not for proline biosynthesis. BMC Plant Biol 8: 40.
• Gadallah MAA (1995). Effect of water stress, abscisic acid and proline on cotton plants. J Arid Environ 30: 315–325.
• Gadallah MAA (1999). Effects of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress. Biol Plant 42: 249–257.
• Gagneul D, Ainouche A, Duhaze C, Lugan R, Larher FR, Bouchereau A (2007). A reassessment of the function of the so called compatible solutes in the halophytic Plumbaginaceae Limonium latifolium. Plant Physiol 144: 1598–1611.
• Garg AK, Kim JK, Owens TG, Ranwala AP, Choi YD, Kochian LV, Wu RJ (2002). Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. P Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 15898–15903.
• Garufi A, Visconti S, Camoni L, Aducci P (2007). Polyamines as physiological regulators of 14-3-3 interaction with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Plant Cell Physiol 48: 434–440.
• Ghars MA, Parre E, Leprince AS, Bordenave M, Vos DL, Richard L, Abdelly C, Savouré A (2008). Opposite lipid signaling pathways tightly control proline accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella halophila. In: Abdelly C, Ozturk M, Ashraf M, Grignon C, editors. Biosaline Agriculture and Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag AG, pp. 317–324.
• Graeber K, Nakabayashi K, Miatton E, Leubner-Metzger G, Soppe WJ (2012). Molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy. Plant Cell Environ 35: 1769–1786.
• Hare PD, Cress WA, van Staden J (2003). A regulatory role for proline metabolism in stimulating Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination. Plant Growth Regul 39: 41–50.
• Haudecoeur E, Planamente S, Cirou A, Tannieres M, Shelp BJ, Morera S, Faure D (2009). Proline antagonizes GABA-induced quenching of quorum-sensing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. P Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 14587–14592.
• Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni MN, Wani AS, Pichtel J, Ahmad A (2012). Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signal Behav 7: 1456–1466.
• Heikal MMD, Shaddad MA (1982). Alleviation of osmotic stress on seed germination and seedling growth of cotton, pea and wheat by proline. Phyton (Austria) 22: 275–287.
• Heuer B (2003). Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycinebetaine on growth of salt-stressed tomato plants. Plant Sci 165: 693–699.
• Hmida-Sayari A, Gargoui-Bouzid R, Bidani A, Jaoua L, Savouré A, Jaoua S (2005). Overexpression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers salt tolerance in transgenic potato plants. Plant Sci 169: 746–752.
• Hoque MA, Banu MN, Okuma E, Amako K, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y (2007a). Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycinebetaine in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension-cultured cells. J Plant Physiol 164: 1457–1468.
• Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MNA, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata N (2007b). Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. J Plant Physiol 164: 553–561.
• Hossain MA, Fujita M (2010). Evidence for a role of exogenous glycinebetaine and proline in antioxidant defense and methylg- lyoxal detoxification systems in mung bean seedlings under salt stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 16: 19–29.
• Hu CAA, Delauney AJ, Verma DPS (1992). A bifunctional enzyme (D1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. P Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9354–9358.
• Huang Y, Bie Z, Liu Z, Ai Z, Wang W (2009). Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55: 698–704.
• Huang Z, Zhao L, Chen D, Liang M, Liu Z, Shao H, Long X (2013). Salt stress encourages proline accumulation by regulating proline biosynthesis and degradation in Jerusalem artichoke plantlets. PLoS ONE 8: e62085.
• Ibragimova SS, Kolodyazhnaya YS, Gerasimova SV, Kochetov AV (2012). Partial suppression of gene encoding proline dehydrogenase enhances plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Russ J Plant Physiol 59: 88–96.
• Islam F, Yasmeen T, Riaz M, Arif MS, Ali S, Raza SH (2014). Proteus mirabilis alleviates zinc toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in maize (Zea mays) plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 110C: 143– 152.
• Islam MM, Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MN, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y (2009). Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells. J Plant Physiol 166: 1587–1597.
• Kant S, Kant P, Raveh E, Barak S (2006). Evidence that differential gene expression between the halophyte Thellungiella halophila, and Arabidopsis thaliana is responsible for higher levels of the compatible osmolyte proline and tight control of Na uptake in T. halophila. Plant Cell Environ 29: 1220–1234.
• Karan R, DeLeon T, Biradar H, Subudhi PK (2012). Salt stress induced variation in DNA methylation pattern and its influence on gene expression in contrasting rice genotypes. PLoS ONE 7: e40203.
• Kaul S, Sharma SS, Mehta IK (2008). Free radical scavenging potential of L-proline: evidence from in vitro assays. Amino Acids 34: 315–320.
• Kauser R, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2006). Chlorophyll fluorescence: A potential indicator for rapid assessment of water stress tolerance in Canola (Brassica napus L.) Pak J Bot 38: 1501–1509.
• Kavi Kishor PB, Sangam S, Amrutha RN, Sri Laxmi P, Naidu KR, Rao KRSS, Rao S, Reddy KJ, Theriappan P, Sreenivasulu N (2005). Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Curr Sci 88: 424–438.
• Kavi Kishor PB, Sreenivasulu N (2014). Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue? Plant Cell Environ 37: 300–311.
• Khan MA, Shirazi MU, Khan MA, Mujtaba SM, Islam E, Mumtaz S, Shereen A, Ansari RU, Ashraf MY (2009). Role of proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll content in salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak J Bot 41: 633–638.
• Khedr AH, Abbas MA, Abdel Wahid AA, Quick WP, Abogadallah GM (2003). Proline induces the expression of salt-stress responsive proteins and may improve the adaptation of Pancratium maritimum L. to salt-stress. J Exp Bot 54: 2553– 2562.
• Kim GB, Nam YW (2012). A novel Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthehase gene of Medicago truncatula plays a predominant role in stress-induced proline accumulation during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. J Plant Physiol 170: 291–302.
• Ku HM, Hu CC, Chang HJ, Lin YT, Jan FJ, Chen CT (2011). Analysis by virus induced gene silencing of the expression of two proline biosynthetic pathway genes in Nicotiana benthamiana under stress conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 49: 1147–1154.
• Kusano T, Yamaguchi K, Berberich T, Takahashi Y (2007a). Advances in polyamine research in 2007. J Plant Res 120: 345–350.
• Kusano T, Yamaguchi K, Berberich T, Takahashi Y (2007b). The polyamine spermine rescues Arabidopsis from salinity and drought stresses. Plant Signal Behav 2: 251–252.
• Lehmann S, Funck D, Szabados L, Rentsch D (2010). Proline metabolism and transport in plant development. Amino Acids 4: 949–962.
• Li X, Zhang D, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wood AJ (2014). EsDREB2B, a novel truncated DREB2-type transcription factor in the desert legume Eremosparton songoricum, enhances tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in yeast and transgenic tobacco. BMC Plant Biol 14: 44.
• Linkies A, Leubner-Metzger G (2012). Beyond gibberellins and abscisic acid: how ethylene and jasmonates control seed germination? Plant Cell Rep 31: 253–270.
• Liu T, van Staden J (2000). Selection and characterization of sodium chloride-tolerant callus of Glycine max (L.) Merr cv. Acme. Plant Growth Regul 31: 195–207.
• Liu J, Zhu JK (1997). Proline accumulation and salt-stress-induced gene expression in a salt-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 114: 591–596.
• Ma L, Zhou E, Gao L, Mao X, Zhou R, Jia J (2008). Isolation, expression analysis and chromosomal location of P5CR gene in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). S Afr J Bot 74: 705–712.
• Mitchell HJ, Ayliffe MA, Rashid KY, Pryor AJ (2006). A rust inducible gene from flax (fis 1) is involved in proline catabolism. Planta 223: 213–222.
• Molassiotis A, Fotopoulos V (2011). Oxidative and nitrosative signaling in plants: two branches in the same tree? Plant Signal Behav 6: 210–214.
• Mulangi V, Phuntumart V, Aouida M, Ramotar D, Morris P (2012). Functional analysis of OsPUT1, a rice polyamine uptake transporter. Planta 235: 1–11.
• Munns R, Tester M (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59: 651–681.
• Murahama M, Yoshida T, Hayashi F, Ichino T, Sanada Y, Wada K (2001). Purification and characterization of Δ’-pyrroline- 5-carboxylate reductase isoenzymes indicating differential distribution in spinach (Spillacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 42: 742–750.
• Nanjo T, Fujita M, Seki M, Kato T, Tabata S, Shinozaki K (2003). Toxicity of free proline revealed in an Arabidopsis T-DNA- tagged mutant deficient in proline dehydrogenase. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 541–548.
• Nemeth M, Janda T, Horvath E, Paldi E, Szalai G (2002). Exogenous salicylic acid increases polyamine content but may decrease drought tolerance in maize. Plant Sci 162: 569–574.
• Nounjan N, Theerakulpisut P (2012). Effects of exogenous proline and trehalose on physiological responses in rice seedlings during salt-stress and after recovery. Plant Soil Environ 58: 309–315.
• Ozden M, Demirel U, Kahraman A (2009). Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2. Sci Hort 119: 163–168.
• Palmieri L, Todd CD, Arrigoni R, Hoyos ME, Santoro A, Polacco JC, Palmieri F (2006). Arabidopsis mitochondria have two basic amino acid transporters with partially overlapping specificities and differential expression in seedling development. Biochim Biophys Acta 1757: 1277–1283.
• Patnaik J, Debata BK (1997). In vitro selection of NaCl tolerant callus lines of Cymbopogan martini (Roxb) Wats. Plant Sci 124: 203–
• Pottosin I, Velarde‐Buendía AM, Zepeda‐Jazo I, Dobrovinskaya O, Shabala S (2012). Synergism between polyamines and ROS in the induction of Ca2+ and K+ fluxes in roots. Plant Signal Behav 7: 10884–10887.
• Ramanjulu S, Sudhakar C (2000). Proline metabolism during dehydration in two mulberry genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. J Plant Physiol 157: 81–85.
• Raven JA (2002). Selection pressures on stomatal evolution. New Phytol 153: 371–386.
• Raza SH, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2006). Influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine on the photosynthetic capacity of two differently adapted wheat cultivars under salt stress. Pak J Bot 38: 341–352.
• Remy E, Cabrito TR, Batista RA, Hussein MA, Teixeira MC, Athanasiadis A, Sá-Correia I, Duque P (2014). Intron retention in the 5’UTR of the novel ZIF2 transporter enhances translation to promote zinc tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 10: e1004375.
• Ribarits A, Abdullaev A, Tashpulatov A, Richter A, Heberle-Bors E, Touraev A (2007). Two tobacco proline dehydrogenases are differentially regulated and play a role in early plant development. Planta 225: 1313–1324.
• Ribeiro RC, Matias JR, Pelacani CR, Dantas BF (2014). Activity of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation in Erythrina velutina Willd. seeds subjected to abiotic stresses during germination. J Seed Sci 36: 231–239.
• Roy D, Basu N, Bhunia A, Banerjee SK (1993). Counteraction of exogenous l-proline with NaCl in salt-sensitive cultivar of rice. Biol Plant 35: 69–72.
• Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sarkar SN, Sengupta DN (2008). Comparative physiological and molecular responses of a common aromatic indica rice cultivar to high salinity with non-aromatic indica rice cultivars. Plant Cell Rep 27: 1395– 1410.
• Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sengupta DN (2012). Antioxidants and stress-related metabolites in the seedlings of two indica rice varieties exposed to cadmium chloride toxicity. Acta Physiol Plant 34: 835–847.
• Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sengupta DN (2009). Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on some physiological responses in a popular aromatic indica rice compared with those from two traditional non-aromatic indica rice cultivars. Acta Physiol Plant 31: 915– 926.
• Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sengupta DN (2011). Amelioration of salinity stress by exogenously applied spermidine or spermine in three varieties of indica rice differing in their level of salt tolerance. J Plant Physiol 168: 317–328.
• Roychoudhury A, Chakraborty M (2013). Biochemical and molecular basis of varietal difference in plant salt tolerance. Annu Rev Res Biol 3: 422–454.
• Roychoudhury A, Das K (2014). Functional roles of polyamines and polyamine-metabolizing enzymes during salinity, drought and cold stresses. In: Anjum NA, Gill SS, Gill R, editors. Plant Adaptation to Environmental Change: Significance of Amino Acids And Their Derivatives. Wallingford, UK: CAB International Publishers, pp. 141–156.
• Roychoudhury A, Ghosh S (2013). Physiological and biochemical responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) to varying concentrations of cadmium chloride or sodium chloride. Unique J Pharm Biol Sci 1: 11–21.
• Roychoudhury A, Nayek S (2014). Structural aspects and functional regulation of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes and proteins conferring abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In: Ferro A, editor. Abiotic Stress. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 43–110.
• Roychoudhury A, Paul S, Basu S (2013). Cross-talk between abscisic acid-dependent and abscisic acid-independent pathways during abiotic stress. Plant Cell Rep 32: 985–1006.
• Salama HMH, Watban AAA, Al-Fughom AT (2011). Effect of ultraviolet radiation on chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and proline contents of some annual desert plants. Saudi J Biol Sci 18: 79–86.
• Samach A, Onouchi H, Gold SE, Ditta GS, Schwarz-Sommer Z, Yanofsky MF, Coupland G (2000). Distinct roles of CONSTANS target genes in reproductive development of Arabidopsis. Science 288: 1613–1616.
• Saradhi PP, Alia, Arora S, Prasad KV (1995). Proline accumulates in plants exposed to UV radiation and protects them against UV induced peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 209: 1–5.
• Sarkar D, Bhowmik PC (2009). Cold acclimation responses of three cool-season turf grasses and the role of proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 134: 210–220.
• Sarvesh A, Anuradha M, Pulliah T, Reddy TP, Kavi Kishor PB (1966). Salt stress and antioxidant response in high and low proline producing cultivars of niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f) Cass. Indian J Exp Biol 34: 252–256.
• Savoure, A, Hua XJ, Bertauche N, Van Montagu M, Verbruggen N (1997). Abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent regulation of proline biosynthesis following cold and osmotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Genet Genomics 254: 104–109.
• Seifert GJ, Roberts K (2007). The biology of arabinogalactan proteins. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58: 137–161.
• Sekine T, Kawaguchi A, Hamano Y, Takagi H (2007). Desensitization of feedback inhibition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae γ-glutamyl kinase enhances proline accumulation and freezing tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4011–4019.
• Shabnam N, Pardha-Saradhi P, Sharmila P (2014). Phenolics impart Au3+ stress tolerance to cowpea by generating nanoparticles. PLoS ONE 9: e85242.
• Shahid MA, Balal RM, Pervez MA, Abbas T, Aqeel MA, Javaid MM, Garcia-Sanchez F (2014). Exogenous proline and proline-enriched Lolium perenne leaf extract protects against phytotoxic effects of nickel and salinity in Pisum sativum by altering polyamine metabolism in leaves. Turk J Bot 38: 914–
• Shahid MA, Pervez MAI, Ashraf MY, Ayyub CM, Ashfaq M, Mattson NS (2011). Characterization of salt tolerant and salt sensitive Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes under saline regime. Pak J Life Soc Sci 9: 145–152.
• Shahriari, Puteh AAB, Saleh GB, Abdul Rahim AB (2014). Germination at low osmotic potential as a selection criteria for drought stress tolerance in sweet corn. African J Biotechnol 13: 294–300.
• Sharma SS, Schat H, Vooijs R (1998). In vitro alleviation of heavy metal-induced enzyme inhibition by proline. Phytochemistry 49: 1531–1535.
• Shevyakova NI, Musatenko LI, Stetsenko LA, Vedenicheva NP, Voitenko LP, Sytnik KM, Kuznetsov VV (2013). Effects of abscisic acid on the contents of polyamines and proline in common bean plants under salt stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 60: 200–211.
• Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (1999). Molecular responses to drought stress. In: Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, editors. Molecular Responses to Cold, Drought, Heat and Salt Stress in Higher Plants. Austin, TX, USA: R. G. Landes, pp. 11–28.
• Silva-Ortega CO, Ochoa-Alfaro AE, Reyes-Aguero JA, Aguado- Santacruz GA, Jimenez-Bremont JF (2008). Salt stress increases the expression of P5CS gene and induces proline accumulation in cactus pear. Plant Physiol Biochem 46: 82–92.
• Simon-Sarkadi L, Kocsy G, Varhegyi A, Galiba G, de Ronde JA (2006). Effect of drought stress at supraoptimal temperature on polyamine concentrations in transgenic soybean with increased proline levels. Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung Tübingen 61: 833–839.
• Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Paschalidis KA, Pliakonis ED, Delis ID, Yakoumakis DI, Kouvarakis A, Papadakis AK, Stephanou EG, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA (2006). Abiotic stress generates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamate dehydrogenases to form glutamate for proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell 18: 2767–2781.
• Sneha S, Rishi A, Dadhich A, Chandra S (2013). Effect of salinity on seed germination, accumulation of proline and free amino acid in Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pak J Biol Sci 16: 877–881.
• Sripinyowanich S, Klomsakul P, Boonburapong B, Bangyeekhun T, Asami T, Gu H, Buaboocha T, Chadchawan S (2013). Exogenous ABA induces salt tolerance in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.): the role of OsP5CS1 and OsP5CR gene expression during salt stress. Environ Exp Bot 86: 94–105.
• Stein H, Honig A, Miller G, Erste O, Eilenberg H, Csonka LN, Szabados L, Koncz C, Zilberstein A (2011). Elevation of free proline and proline-rich protein levels by simultaneous manipulations of proline biosynthesis and degradation in plants. Plant Sci 181: 140–150.
• Stranska J, Kopecny D, Tylichowa M, Snegaroff J, Sebela M (2008). Ornithine o-aminotransferase: an enzyme implicated in salt tolerance in higher plants. Plant Signal Behav 3: 929–935.
• Szabados L, Savoure A (2009). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci 15: 89–97.
• Székely G, Abrahám E, Cséplo A, Rigó G, Zsigmond L, Csiszár J, Ayaydin F, Strizhov N, Jásik J, Schmelzer E et al. (2008). Duplicated P5CS genes of Arabidopsis play distinct roles in stress regulation and developmental control of proline biosynthesis. Plant J 53: 11–28.
• Tabatabaei SA (2013). Changes in proline, protein, catalase and germination characteristics of barley seeds under salinity stress. Intl Res J Appl Basic Sci 5: 1266–1271.
• Talat A, Nawaz K, Hussain K, Bhatti KH, Siddiqi EH, Khalid A, Anwer S, Sharif MU (2013). Foliar application of proline for salt tolerance of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. World Appl Sci J 22: 547–554.
• Tanner J (2008). Structural biology of proline catabolism. Amino Acids 35: 719–730.
• Theriappan P, Gupta AK, Dhasarathan P (2011). Accumulation of proline under salinity nd heavy metal stress in cauliflower seedlings. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 15: 251–255.
• Tishchenko EN, Komisarenko AG, Mikhal’skaia SI, Sergeeva LE, Adamenko NI, Morgun BV, Kochetov AV (2014). Agrobacterium-mediated sunflower transformation (Helianthus annuus L.) in vitro and in planta using strain of LBA4404 harboring binary vector pBI2E with dsRNA- suppressor proline dehydrogenase gene. Tsitol Genet (Kiev) 48: 19–30 (in Russian with English abstract).
• Trotel-Aziz P, Niogret MF, Deleu C, Bouchereau A, Aziz A, Larher FR (2003). The control of proline consumption by abscisic acid during osmotic stress recovery of canola leaf discs. Physiol Plant 117: 213–221.
• Tseng IC, Hong CY, Yu SM, Ho THD (2013). Abscisic acid- and stress-induced highly proline-rich glycoproteins regulate root growth in rice. Plant Physiol 163: 118–134.
• Tu Y, Jiang A, Gan L, Hossain M, Zhang J, Peng B, Xiong Y, Song Z, Cai D, Xu W et al (2014). Genome duplication improves rice root resistance to salt stress. Rice (NY) 7: 15.
• Turchetto-Zolet A, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R (2009). The evolution of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in plants: a key enzyme in proline synthesis. Mol Genet Genomics 281: 87–97.
• Verbruggen N, Hermans C (2008). Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 35: 753–759.
• Verslues PE, Kim YS, Zhu JK (2007). Altered ABA, proline and hydrogen peroxide in an Arabidopsis glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase mutant. Plant Mol Biol 64: 205–217.
• Verslues PE, Sharma S (2010). Proline metabolism and implications for plant-environment interaction. Arabidopsis Book 8: e0140.
• Wang K, Liu Y, Dong K, Dong J, Kang J, Yang Q, Zhou H, Sun Y (2011). The effect of NaCl on proline metabolism in Saussurea amara seedlings. African J Biotechnol 10: 2886–2893.
• Wangxia W, Basia V, Arie A (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta 218: 1–14.
• Weltmeier F, Ehlert A, Mayer CS, Dietrich K, Wang X, Schütze K, Alonso R, Harter K, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Dröge-Laser W (2006). Combinatorial control of Arabidopsis proline dehydrogenase transcription by specific heterodimerisation of bZIP transcription factors. EMBO J 25: 3133–3143.
• Wimalasekera R, Tebartz F, Scherer GFE (2011). Polyamines, polyamine oxidases and nitric oxide in development, abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Sci 181: 593–603.
• Xu J, Yin H, Li X (2009). Protective effects of proline against cadmium toxicity in micropropagated hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum L. Plant Cell Rep 28: 325–333.
• Yamaguchi M, Valliyodan B, Zhang J, Lenoble ME, Yu O, Rogers EE, Nguyen HT, Sharp RE (2010). Regulation of growth response to water stress in the soybean primary root I. Proteomic analysis reveals region specific regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and control of free iron in the elongation zone. Plant Cell Environ 33: 223–243.
• Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2006). Transcriptional regulatory networks in cellular responses and tolerance to dehydration and cold stresses. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 781– 803.
• Yildiztugay E, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Kucukoduk M (2014). The role of antioxidant responses on the tolerance range of extreme halophyte Salsola crassa grown under toxic salt concentrations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 110: 21–30.
• Yooyongwech S, Cha-Um S, Supaibulwatana K (2012). Proline related genes expression and physiological changes in indica rice response to water-deficit stress. Plant Omics J 5: 597–603.
• Zhang CY, Wang NN, Zhang YH, Feng QZ, Yang CW, Liu B (2013). DNA methylation involved in proline accumulation in response to osmotic stress in rice (Oryza sativa). Genet Mol Res 12: 1269–1277.
• Zhang LP, Mehta SK, Liu ZP, Yang ZM (2008). Copper-induced proline synthesis is associated with nitric oxide generation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell Physiol 49: 411–419.