Genotoxic and safety assessment of 2 parabens in somatic cells of in vivo Drosophila melanogaster

The objective of this study was to determine the possible genotoxic effects of the para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) of methylparaben, propylparaben, and the mixed paraben groups formed by a combination of these, which are used as preservative substances in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries, on Drosophila melanogaster using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). According to the data obtained from microscopic analysis, no increase was determined in the single type clone number at various concentrations (100, 150, 200, and 250 mM) of paraben groups in comparison with the control group. In addition, increases corresponding to the concentration increase in the single type and twin clone numbers were observed in the mixed paraben application group in comparison to the control group. However, this increase was not determined to create a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). As a result of the data that we obtained, it has been concluded that parabens show toxic effects but no genotoxic effects on D. melanogaster.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, genotoxicity, methylparaben, propylparaben, somatic mutation, wing spot test

Genotoxic and safety assessment of 2 parabens in somatic cells of in vivo Drosophila melanogaster

Keywords:

Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, genotoxicity, methylparaben, propylparaben, somatic mutation, wing spot test,

PDF

___

Aubert N, Ameller T, Legrand JJ (2012). Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance, and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyland butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. Food Chem Toxicol 50: 445–454.
Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MGB, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD (2002). Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem 80: 49–60.
Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Bishop AM, Needham LL (2010). Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: 2005-2006. Environ Health Persp 118: 679–685.
Cashman AL, Warshaw EM (2005). Parabens: a review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties. Dermatitis 16: 57–66.
CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel) (2008). Final amended report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products. Int J Toxicol 27: 1–82.
Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS (2004). Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol 24: 5–13.
Darbre PD, Harvey PW (2008). Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase, and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J Appl Toxicol 28: 561–578.
Demir E, Kaya B, Marcos R, Kocaoğlu Cenkci S, Çetin H (2013). Investigation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of essential oils obtained from two Origanum species by Drosophila wing SMART assay. Turk J Biol 37: 129–138.
Ertuğrul N (1998). Food additives regulations and health problems about upper limit of some food additives. PhD, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Frei H, Würgler FE (1988). Statistical methods to decide whether mutagenicity test data from Drosophila assays indicate a positive, negative, or inconclusive result. Mutat Res 203: 297– 30
Frei H, Würgler FE (1995). Optimal experimental design and sample size for the statistical evaluation of data from somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMART) in Drosophila. Mutat Res 334: 247–258.
Godfrey D (2010). Parabens: myth and reality. Cosmet Toiletries 125: 80–
Graf U, Würgler FE, Katz AJ, Frei H, Juon H, Hall CB, Kale PG (1984). Somatic mutation test in Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Mol Mutagen 6: 153–188.
Kastenbaum MA, Bowman KO (1970). Tables for determining the statistical significance of mutation frequencies. Mutat Res 9: 527–549.
Martin JM, Peropadre A, Herrero O, Freire PF, Labrador V, Hazen MJ (2010). Oxidative DNA damage contributes to the toxic activity of propylparaben in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 702: 86–
Parlak Ş (2007). The effects of food protector biphenyl on sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration, and micronucleus in human lymphocytes. MSc, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Routledge EJ, Parker J, Odum J, Ashby J, Sumpter J (1998). Some alkyl hydroxyl benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicol Appl Pharm 153: 12–19.
Sarıkaya R, Çakır Ş (2005). Genotoxicity testing of four food preservatives and their combinations in the Drosophila wing spot test. Environ Toxicol Phar 20: 424–430.
Sarıkaya R, Çakır Ş, Solak K (2006). Effects of food preservatives on the longevity of Drosophila melanogaster (mwhxflr). Kastamonu Educ J 14: 173–184.
Sasseville D (2004). Hypersensitivity to preservatives. Dermatol Ther 17: 251–263.
Schlatter J, Würgler FE, Kranzlin R, Maier P, Holliger E, Graf U (1992). The potential genotoxicity of sorbates: effects on cell cycle in vitro in V79 cells and somatic mutations in Drosophila. Food Chem Toxicol 30: 843–851.
Scialli AR (2011). Reproductive effects of the parabens. Reprod Toxicol 32:138-140.
Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food Chem Toxicol 43: 985–1015.
Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA (2002). Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 40: 1335–1373.
Van Meeuwen JA, van Son O, Piersma AH, de Jong PC, van den Berg M (2008). Aromatase inhibiting and combined estrogenic effects of parabens and estrogenic effects of other additives in cosmetics. Toxicol Appl Pharm 230: 372–382.
Wei GU (2009). Toxicity and estrogen effects of methyl paraben on Drosophila melanogaster. Food Sci 30: 252–254.
Witorsch RJ, Thomas JA (2010). Personal care products and endocrine disruption: a critical review of the literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 3: 1–30.