2011

The effect of different nitrogen and irrigation levels on grain β-glucan content in some durum wheat cultivars

β-glukan, buğday tanesinin besin kalitesini olumlu yönde etkileyen nişasta içermeyen, suda çözünebilen bir polisakkarittir. Buğday tanesindeki yüksek β-glukan içeriği insan sağlığı açısından kolesterol düşürücü etkiye de sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, makarnalık buğdayın tane β-glukan içeriği üzerinde azot ve sulamanın etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada makarnalık buğdayın tane β-glukan içeriği ile tane verimi ve bazı kalite karakteristikleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Kunduru 1149, Kızıltan 91 ve Çakmak 79 makarnalık buğday çeşitleri materyal olarak kullanılmış olup; 0, 40, 80 ve 120 kg $ha^{-1}$ azot oranları ile birlikte 0, 75 ve 150 mm sulama seviyeleri uygulanmıştır. Her iki yılda yüksek azot seviyeleri genellikle makarnalık buğdayın tane β-glukan içeriğini artırmış olup, makarnalık buğdayda $N_3$ azot seviyesi en yüksek tane β-glukan içeriğini vermiştir. Artan sulama seviyeleri buğday tanesinin β-glukan içeriği üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahiptir. Sulama yapılmayan uygulamalar her iki yılda genellikle en yüksek tane β-glukan içeriklerine sahiptir. Tane β-glukan içeriğinin çeşide tepkisi önemli olup, tüm çeşitler içerisinde $C_1$ en iyi tane β-glukan içeriğini vermiştir. Tane β-glukan içeriği ile tane verimi, protein oranı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, camsılık ve sds sedimentasyon arasındaki korelasyonlar önemli bulunmuştur. 2005 yılındaki protein oranı hariç, tane β-glukan içeriği ile tane verimi ve kalite özellikleri arasında yüksek ve pozitif korelasyonlar gözlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, buğday tanesinin ß-Glukan içeriğinin artışı üzerine artan sulama suyu uygulamalarının negatif, azot uygulamalarının pozitif yönde etkili olduğu, çeşit özelliklerinin de istatistiksel olarak önem taşıdığını göstermiştir.

Bazı makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin tane β-glukan içerikleri üzerine farklı azot ve sulama miktarlarının etkisi

β-glucan is a non-starchy, water-soluble polysaccharide component of wheat grain that positively affects grain nutrient quality. High β-glucan content in wheat grain also has a cholesterol-lowering effect in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and irrigation on durum wheat grain β-glucan content. Correlations between durum wheat grain β-glucan content, and grain yield and some quality characteristics were examined. Kunduru 1149, Kızıltan 91, and Çakmak 79 durum wheat cultivars were used as material, and 0-, 75-, and 150-mm irrigation levels with 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg $ha^{-1}$ nitrogen rates were applied. Higher nitrogen levels generally increased durum wheat grain β- glucan content in both years of the study and the $N_3$ nitrogen level had the greatest effect on the β-glucan content in durum wheat. Higher irrigation levels negatively affected the β-glucan content in the wheat grain. Non-irrigated treatments generally yielded the highest β-glucan content in both years of the study. The response of grain β-glucan content according to cultivar was significant and $C_1$ had the best grain β-glucan content of all the cultivars. Correlations between grain β-glucan content, and grain yield, protein content, 1000-grain weight, test weight, seed vitreousness, and the SDS sedimentation were significant. With the exception of protein content in 2005, strong positive correlations were observed between β-glucan content, and grain yield and quality characteristics. These results indicate that higher irrigation levels negatively affected grain β-glucan content in durum wheat, whereas higher nitrogen rates positively affected grain β-glucan content. Moreover, the effect of cultivar characteristics on the β-glucan content in durum wheat grain was statistically significant.

PDF

___

Aman P (1986) A note on the content of mixed-linked β-glucans in Swedish barley. Swedish J Agric Res 16: 73-75.
Aman P (1987) The variation in chemical composition of Swedish oats. Acta Agric Scand 37: 347-352.
Aman P, Graham H (1987) Analysis of total and insoluble mixedlinked (1→3), (1→4)-ß-D-glucans in barley and oats. J Agric Food Chem 35: 704-709.
Aman P, Graham H, Tilly AC (1989) Content and solubility of mixedlinked (1→3), (1→4)-ß-D-glucan in barley and oats during kernel development and storage. J Cereal Sci 10: 45-50.
American Association of Cereal Chemists (1969) AACC Standard No, 46-10. AACC St. Paul, MN.
Anderson JW, Chen WL (1986) Cholesterol-lowering properties of oat products. In: Webster FH (ed.), Oats: Chemistry and Technology. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, Inc, St. Paul, MN, pp. 309- 333.
Baur SK, Geisler G (1996) β-Glucan content in caryopses of oat varieties with regard to cultivation year and nitrogen level. J Agron Crop Sci 176: 5-14.
Brunner BR, Freed RD (1994) Oat grain β-glucan content as affected by nitrogen level, location, and year. Crop Sci 33: 473-476.
Cho KC, White PJ (1993) Enzymatic analysis of β-glucan content in different oat genotypes. Cereal Chem 70: 539-542.
Davidson MH, Dugan LD, Burns JH, Bova J, Story K, Drennan KB (1991) The hypocholesterolemic effects of β-glucan in oat meal and oat bran: A dose-controlled study. JAMA 265: 833-1839.
McCleary BV, Codd R (1991) Measurement of (1→3), (1→4)-ß-Dglucan in barley and oats: a streamlined enzymic procedure. J Sci Food Agric 55: 303-312.
Miller SS, Vincent DJ, Weisz J, Fulcher RG (1993) Oat β-glucans: An evaluation of eastern Canadian cultivars and unregistered lines. Can J Plant Sci 73: 429-436.
Özkaya H, Kahveci B (1990) Tahıl ve ürünleri analiz yöntemleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları 11, 152s., Ankara.
Perez-Vendrell AM, Brufau J, Molina-Cano JL, Francesch M, Guasch J (1996) Effects of cultivar and environment on (1→3), (1→4)-ß-
D-glucan content and acid extract viscosity of Spanish barleys. J Cereal Sci 23: 285-292.
Peterson DM (1991) Genotype and environmental effects on oat β- glucan concentration. Crop Sci 31: 1517-1520.
Peterson DM, Wesenberg DM, Burup DE (1995) β-glucan content and its relationship to agronomic characteristics in elite oat germplasm. Crop Sci 35: 965-970.
Saastamoinen M, Plaami S, Kumpulainen J (1992) Genetic and environmental variation in β-glucan content of oats cultivated or tested in Finland. J Cereal Sci 16: 279-290.
Uluöz M (1965) Buğday, Un ve Ekmek Analiz Metodları. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 57, 95s., İzmir.
Welch RW, Lloyd JD (1989) Kernel (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan content of oat genotypes. J Cereal Sci 9: 35-40.
Welch RW, Leggett JM, Lloyd JD (1991) Variation in the kernel (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan content of oat cultivars and wild Avena species and its relationship to other characteristics. J Cereal Sci 13: 173-178.
Williams PC, El-Haramein FJ, Nakkoul H, Rihawi S (1986) Crop quality evaluation methods and quidelines. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) , Aleppo, Syria. pp.142.
Wisker E, Feldheim W, Pomeranz Y, Meuser F (1985) Dietary fiber in cereals. In: Pomeranz, Y. (Ed.), Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, vol. 7. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, Inc, Minnesota, USA, pp. 169-238.
Wood PJ, Paton D, Siddiqui IR (1977) Determination of β-glucan in oats and barley. Cereal Chem 54: 524-533.
Wood PJ (1986) Oat β-glucan: structure, location, and properties. In: Webster, FW (Ed.), Oats: Chemistry and Technology. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, Inc, St. Paul. MN, pp. 121-152.