___

• Madhaiyan et al. (2006)
• Bacillus circulans DUC1, B. firmus DUC2, B.
• Root and shoot elongation globisporus DUC3 Ghosh et al. (2003)
• Pseudomonas sp. Bradyrhizobium sp. Promoted nodulation
• Shaharoona et al. (2006) Antibiotics Fusarium oxysporum
• Koumoutsi et al. (2004)
• Lysobacter sp. strain SB-K88
• Aphanomyces cochlioides Islam et al. (2005) B. subtilis QST713
• Botrytis cinerea and R. Solani
• Paulitz and Belanger (2001),
• Kloepper et al. (2004) B. subtilis BBG100
• Pythium aphanidermatum
• Leclere et al. (2005)
• P. fluorescens 2-79 and 30-84
• Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
• Thomashow et al. (1990)
• Bacillus subtilis, EU07 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis
• Baysal et al. (2008; 2013) lycopersici
• Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0
• Peronospora parasitica
• Iavicoli et al. (2003) Lytic enzymes such
• as chitinases and proteases Fusarium udum
• Rangeshwaran and Prasad (2000) T. harzianum
• Penicillium expansum Batta (2004) B. subtilis
• Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis
• Baysal et al. (2008; 2013) lycopersici
• Volatile organic compounds 2,3-butanediol
• Ryu et al. (2004) Pseudomonas
• Putida WCS 358, BTP1 Lipopolysaccharide, Siderophore, Z,3- hexenal
• Meziane et al. (2005)
• Ongena et al. (2004)
• Bacillus subtilis EU07
• 2,3-butanediol, acetoin
• Baysal et al. (2013)
• Bacillus pumilus 203-6
• Peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase
• Bargabus et al. (2004) Phages
• Isolated and characterized in vitro for Boulé et al. (2011)
• control of E. amylovora.
• In greenhouse trials, pretreatment of tomato
• seedlings with RSL1 prevented bacterial wilt in all plants Isolated and partly characterized in
• vitro for control of R. solanecearum.
• In addition to microbes, phytopathogen-specific
• phages have potential for biocontrol. It is necessary to test
• their efficacy in relation to plant disease before scaling up
• phage preparations, which requires knowledge about the
• characteristics and lifestyle of the phages (Ackermann et
• al., 2004). The table summarizes the results of phage trials
• that have been performed on a range of phytopathogens
• including Erwinia amylovora and Ralstonia solanacearum.
• However, field trials are biologically complex and the
• presence of other microbes and pathogens can influence
• the effectiveness of the phages when introduced into fields
• (Adriaenssens et al., 2012). 9. Conclusion
• Soils are, to some extent, living laboratories where the
• complex interactions between microorganisms result
• in disease suppression. Characterization of biological
• communities in soil has proved to be a formidable challenge,
• and the nature of disease-suppressive soils remains
• largely an enigma. Suppressive soils have nevertheless
• proved to be sources of some important antagonists and
• they continue to provide important information about
• biocontrol mechanisms and biocontrol strategies.
• Several biocontrol products are now in widespread
• use in plant protection. Of the hundreds of pesticides
• registered by the EU and the US, half are biopesticides,
• including several microbial biopesticides for plant disease
• control. There has been a proliferation of many small
• companies interested in bringing new biocontrol products
• to the marketplace and many are in collaboration with
• university researchers and scientists to develop practical
• alternatives to chemical pesticides.
• In conclusion, successful application of biological
• control strategies requires more knowledge-intensive
• management. Understanding when and where the
• biological control of plant pathogens can be profitable
• requires an appreciation of its place within IPM systems
• (Santoyo et al., 2012). Newer technologies that directly
• incorporate genes into biologics’ genomes, commonly
• referred to as genetic modification or genetic engineering,
• are bringing new traits into biocontrol agents and
• biologically based products, such as microbial fungicides,
• that can be used to interfere with pathogen activities.
• Registered biofungicides are generally labeled with short
• reentry intervals and pre-harvest intervals, giving greater
• flexibility to growers. When living microorganisms having
• a prominent effect on target pathogens are introduced,
• they may also augment natural beneficial populations
• to further reduce the damage caused by pathogens and
• increase plant fitness (Han et al., 2013).
• The use of advanced analytical tools and techniques
• including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics
• will continue to provide new insights into biologics, their
• mode of action, and their impact on the rhizospheric
• microbiota. It seems possible that in the near future
• inhibitory compounds may be mass produced by
• microorganisms with the required properties and used
• as replacements for the pesticides which are currently employed.
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