Mohammad Taghi AHMADI, Pedram ATTAROD, Mohammad Reza Marvi MOHADJER, Ramin RAHMANI, Jafar FATHI

Partitioning rainfall into throughfall, stemflow, and interception loss in an oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest during the growing season

Partitioning gross rainfall (GR) into throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), and interception loss (I), which has a very significant effect on water balance and the nutrient cycle in forest ecosystems, was studied in a natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest situated in the Caspian Forest of northern Iran. Measurements were made inside a plot with an area of 0.5625 ha located in the Kheyrud Forest Research Station of Tehran University during the 2008 growing season. GR was measured based on an average of the records of 3 rain gauges located in an open area approximately 160 m from the study plot. Thirty-six TF manual gauges were randomly placed beneath the beech canopies and SF was collected from 6 selected beech trees using spiral-type SF collection collars. Measurements were made on a rainfall event basis. The cumulative GR depth of 23 events was 309.9 mm; TF: 209.9 mm; SF: 7.8 mm; I: 92.2 mm. On the event scale average ratios of TF:GR, SF:GR, and I:GR were 65.9%, 2.0%, and 32.1%, respectively. A strong positive correlation was observed between SF:GR and GR (r2 = 0.963), while very weak correlations were observed between I:GR and GR (r2 = 0.230), and between TF:GR and GR (r2 = 0.173). As the size of rainfall events increased, intercepted GR by the oriental beech forest canopies, and loss through evaporation decreased. Interception loss contributes a notable amount of rainfall and its measurement is an essential element in assessing water balance on the catchment scale.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Beech, growing season, interception loss, throughfall

Partitioning rainfall into throughfall, stemflow, and interception loss in an oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest during the growing season

Keywords:

Key words: Beech, growing season, interception loss, throughfall,

PDF

___

Aboal JR, Morales D, Hernández M, Jiménez MS (1999) The measurement and modeling of the variation of stemflow in a laurel forest in Tenerife, Canary Islands. J Hydrol 221: 161-175.
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration–guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Rome, Italy.
Andersson T (1991) Influence of stemflow and throughfall from common oak (Quercus rubra) on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns. Can J For Res 21: 917–924.
André F, Mathieu J, Ponette Q (2008a) Effects of biological and meteorological factors on stemflow chemistry within a temperate mixed oak-beech stand. Sci Total Environ 393: 72
André F, Mathieu J, Ponette Q (2008b) Spatial and temporal pattern of throughfall chemistry within a temperate mixed oak-beech stand. Sci Total Environ 397: 215-228.
André F, Mathieu J, Ponette Q (2008c) Influence of species and rain event characteristics on stemflow volume in a temperate mixed oak–beech stand. Hydrol Process 20: 3651-3663.
Annandale JG, Jovanovic NZ, Benadé N, Allen RG (2002) Software for missing data error analysis of Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration. Irrig Sci 21: 57-67.
Bandyopadhyay A, Bhadra A, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R (2008) Estimation of monthly solar radiation from measured air temperature extremes. Agric For Meteorol 148: 1707-1718.
Berger TW, Untersteiner H, Schume H, Jost G (2008) Throughfall fluxes in a secondary spruce (Picea abies), a beech (Fagus sylvatica) and a mixed spruce–beech stand. For Ecol Manag 225: 605-618.
Bruijnzeel LA (2000) Forest Hydrology. In: The Forests Handbook, Vol 1. (Ed. JC Evans). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 301-343.
Cantu-Silva I, Gonzalez Rodriguez H (2001) Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow chemistry in pine and oak forests in northeastern Mexico. Tree Physiol 21: 1009-1013.
Carlyle-Moses DE, Flores-Laureano JS, Price AG (2004) Throughfall and throughfall spatial variability in Mediterranean oak forest communities of northeastern Mexico. J Hydrol 297: 124-135.
Carlyle-Moses DE, Price AG (2006) Growing season stemflow production within a deciduous forest of southern Ontario. Hydrol Process 20: 3651-3663.
Chang SC, Matzner E (2000) The effect of beech stemflow on spatial patterns of soil solution chemistry and seepage fluxes in a mixed oak–beech stand. Hydrol Process 14: 135-144.
Deguchi A, Hattori S, Park H (2006) The influence of seasonal changes in canopy structure on interception loss: application of the revised Gash model. J Hydrol 319: 80-102.
Delphis F, Levia J (2004) Differential winter stemflow generation under contrasting storm conditions in a southern New England broad-leaved deciduous forest. Hydrol Process 18: 1105-1112.
Didon-Lescot JF (1998) The importance of throughfall in evaluating hydrological and biogeochemical fluxes: example of a catchment (Mont-Loze`re, France). In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Catchment Hydrological and Biochemical Processes in Changing Environment, Liblice, pp. 17-20.
Dolman AJ (1987) Summer and winter rainfall interception in an oak forest: Predictions with an analytical and a numerical simulation model. J Hydrol 90: 1-9.
Fleischbein K, Wilcke W, Boy J, Valarezo C, Zech W, Knoblich K (2005) Rainfall interception in a lower mountain forest in Ecuador: effects of canopy properties. Hydrol Process 19: 1355- 1371.
Giacomin A, Trucchi P (1992) Rainfall interception in a beech coppice (Acquerino, Italy). J Hydrol 137: 141-147.
Granier A, Biron P, Lemoine D (2000) Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands. Agric For Meteorol 100: 291-308.
Hall RL (2003) Interception loss as a function of rainfall and forest types: stochastic modeling for tropical canopies revisited. J Hydrol 280: 1-12.
Hanchi A, Rapp M (1997) Stemflow determination in forest stands. For Ecol Manag 97: 231-235.
Helvey JD, Patric JH (1965) Canopy litter and interception of rainfall by hardwoods of Eastern United States. Water Resour Res 1: 193-206.
Herbst M, Roberts JM, Rosier TW, Gowing DJ (2006) Measuring and modeling the rainfall interception loss by hedgerows in southern England. Agric For Meteorol 141: 244-256.
Herbst M, Roberts JM, Rosier TW, Taylor M, Gowing DJ (2007) Edge effects and forest water use: A field study in a mixed deciduous woodland. For Ecol Manag 250: 176-186.
Iida S, Tanaka T, Sugita M (2005) Change of interception process due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak. J Hydrol 315: 154–166.
Johnson RC (1990) The interception, throughfall and stemflow in a forest in highland Scotland and the comparison with other upland forests in the U.K. J Hydrol 118: 281-287.
Keith Owens M, Lyons RK, Alejandro CL (2006) Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities: effects of event size and canopy cover. Hydrol Process 20: 3179-3189.
Lawson E (1967) Throughfall and stemflow in a pine-hardwood stand in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. Water Resour Res 3: 731-735.
Levia DF (2004) Differential winter stemflow generation under contrasting storm conditions in a southern New England broad- leaved deciduous forest. Hydrol Process 18: 1105-1112.
Levia DF, Frost EE (2003) A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. J Hydrol 274: 1-29.
Levia DF, Herwitz SR (2002) Winter chemical leaching from deciduous tree branches as a function of branch inclination angle in central Massachusetts. Hydrol Process 16: 2867-2879.
Levia DF, Herwitz SR (2005) Interspecific variation of bark water storage capacity of three deciduous tree species in relation to stemflow yield and solute flux to forest soils. Catena 64: 117- 137.
Lewis J (2003) Stemflow estimation in a redwood forest using model- based stratified random sampling. Environmetrics 14: 559-571.
Llorens P, Domingo F (2007) Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean conditions. A review of studies in Europe. J Hydrol 335: 37-54.
Manfroi O, Koichiro K, Nobuaki T, Masakazu S, Nakagawa M, Nakashizuka T, Chong L (2004) The stemflow of trees in a Bornean lowland tropical forest. Hydrol Process 18: 2455-2474.
Marin TC, Bouten W, Sevink J (2000) Gross rainfall and its partitioning into throughfall, stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazonia. J Hydrol 237: 40-57.
Martinez-Meza E, Whitford WG (1996) Stemflow, throughfall and channelization of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs. J Arid Environ 32: 271-287.
Michopoulos PP, Baloutsos GG, Nakos GG, Economou AA (2001) Effects of bulk precipitation pH and growth period on cation enrichment in precipitation beneath the canopy of a beech (Fagus moesiaca) forest stand. Scil Total Environ 281: 79-85.
Mosello R, Brizzio MC, Kotzias D, Marchetto A, Rembges D, Tartari G (2002) The chemistry of atmospheric deposition in Italy in the framework of the National Programme for Forest Ecosystems Control (CONECOFOR). J Limnol 61: 77-92.
Návar J (1993) The causes of stemflow variation in three semi-arid growing species of northeastern Mexico. J Hydrol 145: 175-190.
Neal C, Robson AJ, Bhardwaj CL, Conway T, Jefery HA, Meal M, Ryland GP, Smith CJ, Walls J (1993) Relationships between precipitation, stemflow and throughfall for a lowland beech plantation, Black wood, Hampshire, southern England: interception at a forest edge and the effects of storm damage. J Hydrol 146: 221-233.
Odair J, Koichiro K, Nobuaki T, Masakazu S, Nakagawa M, Nakashizuka T, Chong L (2004) The stemflow of trees in a Bornean lowland tropical forest. Hydrol Process 18: 2455-2474.
Price AG, Watters RJ (1989) The influence of the overstory, understory and upper soil horizons on the fluxes of some ions in a mixed deciduous forest. J Hydrol 109: 185-197.
Rowe LK (1983) Rainfall interception by an evergreen beech forest, Nelson, New Zealand. J Hydrol 66: 143-258.
Sagheb-Talebi KH, Sajedi T, Yazdian F (2004) Forests of Iran. Iran Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR) Press, No: 1380-339, Tehran.
Samba SAN, Camire C, Margolis HA (2001) Allometry and rainfall interception of Cordyla pinnate in semi-arid agroforestry parkland, Senegal. For Ecol Manag 154: 277-288.
Shachnovich Y, Berniler P, Bar P (2008) Rainfall interception and spatial distribution of throughfall in a pine forest planted in an arid zone. J Hydrol 349: 168-177.
Sraj M, Brilly M, Mikos M (2008) Rainfall interception by two deciduous Mediterranean forests of contrasting stature in Slovenia. Agric For Meteorol 148: 121-134
Staelens J, Schrijver AD, Verheyen1 K, Verhoest N (2008) Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy: influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology. Hydrol Process 22: 33-45.
Tarazona T, Santa Regina I, Calvo R (1996) Interception, throughfall and stemflow in two forest of the “Sierra de la Demanda” in the province of Burgos. Pirineos 147: 27-40.
Toba T, Ohta T (2005) An observational study of the factors that influence interception loss in boreal and temperate forests. J Hydrol 313: 208-220.
Van Elewijck L (1989) Influence of leaf and branch slope on stemflow amount. Catena 16: 525-533.
Watanabe K, Yomamoto T, Yamada T, Sakuratani T, Nawata E, Noichana CH, Sributta A, Higuchi H (2004) Changes in seasonal evapotranspiration, soil water content, and crop coefficients in sugarcane, cassava, and maize fields in Northeast Thailand. Agric Water Manage 67: 133-143.
Xiao Q, McPherson EG, Ustin SL, Grismer ME, Simpson JR (2000) Winter rainfall interception by two mature open-grown trees in Davis, California. Hydrol Process 14: 763-784.