Detection of some woody plants in Late Oligocene forests of İstanbul

A paleopalynological study was performed on the fossilized pollen found in the coal and clay layers of the Akçelik Coalmine, which is one of the open lignite quarries located at the northern part of İstanbul, and 15 genera belonging to 14 families were identified from the late Oligocene of İstanbul. Of these 14 families, 4 families belong to Gymnospermae, and 10 of them belong to Angiospermae. In the study, 85.8% of pollen is arboreal (AP) (woody plants), 10.4% is non-arboreal (NAP) (herbal plants), and rest of them (3.8%) could not be identified. The middle coal layer has a significant number of pollen grains. While lower part of the middle coal layer is mainly represented by broad-leaved tree pollen and its upper part is mainly Juniperus. A clear change from plants of humid conditions to the plants of drier conditions is observed. The lower number of pine pollen grains shows that there was no forest of this genus in that site. Sequoia and Taxodium, which had wide forests during Oligocene but are completely disappeared at present, are represented with low number of pollen grains in that time.

Detection of some woody plants in Late Oligocene forests of İstanbul

A paleopalynological study was performed on the fossilized pollen found in the coal and clay layers of the Akçelik Coalmine, which is one of the open lignite quarries located at the northern part of İstanbul, and 15 genera belonging to 14 families were identified from the late Oligocene of İstanbul. Of these 14 families, 4 families belong to Gymnospermae, and 10 of them belong to Angiospermae. In the study, 85.8% of pollen is arboreal (AP) (woody plants), 10.4% is non-arboreal (NAP) (herbal plants), and rest of them (3.8%) could not be identified. The middle coal layer has a significant number of pollen grains. While lower part of the middle coal layer is mainly represented by broad-leaved tree pollen and its upper part is mainly Juniperus. A clear change from plants of humid conditions to the plants of drier conditions is observed. The lower number of pine pollen grains shows that there was no forest of this genus in that site. Sequoia and Taxodium, which had wide forests during Oligocene but are completely disappeared at present, are represented with low number of pollen grains in that time.

___

  • Akkemik Ü, Dağdeviren N, Poole I (2005) Sequioideae (Cupressaceae) woods from the upper oligocene of European Turkey (Thrace). Phytol Balc 11: 119-131.
  • Akyol E (1964) Türkiye tersiyer kömürleri palinolojik etüdlerine dair başlangıç. M.T.A. Dergisi 63: 29-43.
  • Akyol E, Akgün F (1995) Trakya karsal tersiyer’inde yaş tayinleri. Trakya Havzası Jeolojisi Sempozyumu, p. 28.
  • Aras A, Aksoy N, Batı Z, Sakınç M, Erdoğan M (2003) Yaşayan Fosil Sequoiadendron giganteum (Ağaçlı Linyitleri): Ksiloloji, Palinoloji ve Yaşı. Kuvaterner Çalıştayı IV (Bildiri Kitabı), pp. 187-196.
  • Aytuğ B (1967) Étude de la Flore de l’Age Neolitique Dans la Region de Süberde (Sud-Quest de l’Anatolie). İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A 2: 98-110.
  • Aytuğ B, Aykut S, Merev N, Edis G (1971) İstanbul Çevresi Bitkilerinin Polen Atlası. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No:174, İstanbul.
  • Aytuğ B, Şanlı İ (1974) İstanbul boğazı yöresinin tersiyer sonu ormanları. İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A 2: 74-79.
  • Batı Z (1996) Palynostratigraphy and Coal Petrography of the Upper Oligocene Lignites of the Northern Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. PhD. Thesis. Middle East Technical University, p. 341.
  • Bottema S, Woldring H (1986) Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Southwestern Turkey. Paleohistoria 26: 123-149.
  • Bottema S, Woldring H, Aytuğ B (1995) Late Quaternary Vegetation History of Northern Turkey. Paleohistoria 35/36: 13-72.
  • Bradley RS (1999) Paleoclimatology Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary. Academic Press, London.
  • Chandler MEJ (1957) The Oligocene flora of Bovey Tracey Lake Basin. Br Mus Nat Hist Bull Geol 3: 73-123.
  • Çağatay MN, Algan O, Sakınç M, Eastoe CJ, Egesel L, Balkıs N, Ongan D, Caner H (1999) A mid-late Holocene sapropelic unit from the southern Marmara sea shelf and its paleoceanographic significance. Quat Sci Rev 18: 531-540.
  • Çenet M (2003) Afşin-Elbistan Kömür Havzasının Paleoekolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, p.102.
  • Ediger VŞ (1981) Fossil fungal and algal bodies form Thrace Basin, Turkey. Palaeontogr 179: 87-102.
  • Ediger VŞ (1982) Paleo-environmental analysis of Kuleli-Babaeski Ridge (NW Thrace) and a new approach to the evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of Northern Thrace Basin. TPAO Rep 427: 1-194.
  • Ediger VŞ, Alişan C (1989) Tertiary fungal and algal palynomorph biostratigraphy of the Northern Thrace Basin, Turkey. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 58: 139-161.
  • Ediger VŞ, Batı Z, Alişan C (1990) Paleopalynology and Paleoecology of Calamus-like Disulcate Pollen Grains. Rev Paleobot Palynol 62: 97-105.
  • Egemen R (1958) Paleobotanik Ders Kitabı. Hüsnütabiat Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Elsik WC (1978) Palynology of Gulf Coast lignites: the stratigraphic framework and depositional environments. Texas Univ Bur Econ Geol Rep Inv 90: 21-32.
  • Erdtman G (1954) An Introduction To Pollen Analysis. Chronica Botanica Company, U.S.A.
  • Frederiksen NO (1985) Review of Early Tertiary sporomorph paleoecology. Am Assoc Stratigr Palynol 15: 1–95.
  • Gemici Y, Akyol E, Akgün F, Seçmen Ö (1991) Soma kömür havzası makro ve mikroflorası. MTA Dergisi 112: 161-178.
  • Kantarcı MD, Öztürk M (2003) Yeniden Düzenlenmiş Bir Açık Ocak Kömür Sahasında (Ağaçlı-İstanbul) Yağışın Sebep Olduğu Yüzey Erozyonu ve Ağaçlandırmanın Önleyici Etkisi. III. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu (Bildiri Kitabı), pp. 107-131.
  • Kasaplıgil B (1977) Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem Köyü civarında bulunan son Tersiyer kozalaklı - yeşil yapraklı ormanı. MTA Dergisi 88: 94-102.
  • Kayacık H, Aytuğ B, Şanlı İ (1981) La trace des periodes geologiques en Thrace. İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A 1: 48-55.
  • Kayacık H, Aytuğ B, Yaltırık F, Şanlı İ, Efe A, Akkemik Ü, İnan M (1995) Tersiyer’in sonunda İstanbul’un çok yakınında yaşamış Mamut Ağaçları. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A 1: 15-22.
  • Kutluk H (1994) Haliç Holosen Polenleri. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, p. 384.
  • Liu YS, Zetter R, Ferguson DK, Mohr BAR (2007) Discriminating fossil evergreen and deciduous Quercus pollen: A case study from the Miocene of eastern China. Rev Paleobot Palynol 145: 289-303.
  • Meulenkamp JE, Sissingh W (2003) Tertiary paleogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the northern and southern peri-tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the african-eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 196: 209-228.
  • Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen Analysis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Nakoman E (1968) Ağaçlı linyitleri mikroflorasının etüdü. TJK Bülteni 9. 1-2: 51-58.
  • Nakoman E (1971) Kömür. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayını, Ankara.
  • Özgüven K (1971) İstanbul (Avrupa Türkiyesi) Neojen florasına ait fosil bir Taxodiaceae odunu. İ.Ü. Fen Fak. Mec. B 36: 1-2.
  • Roche E, Schuler M (1976) Analyse palynologique (pollen et spores) de divers gisements du Tongrien de Belgique. Serv Geol Belg Prof Pap 11: 1-58.
  • Şanlı İ (1982) Trakya’nın Tersiyer florası üzerinde ksilolojik araştırmalar (Linyit analizleriyle). İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A 1: 84-138.
  • Subakan NP (1999) Tersiyer Kökenli Odunsu Bitkilerin Polen Morfolojisi ve Afşin-Elbistan Kömürlerinin Palinolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Doktota Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, p. 101.
  • Yaltırık F (1993) Dendroloji Ders Kitabı I. Gymnospermae (Açık Tohumlular). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No:3776, Istanbul.
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-011X
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK