Anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) grown in the Kelardasht region

The aim of this study was to determine some of the anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of 35-year-old Pinus eldarica Medw. wood. For this purpose, 3 normal pine trees were randomly cut down from the Garagpas-Kelardasht site located in the northern part of Iran. Disks and logs of wood were cut at breast height. The testing samples were prepared along the radial axis from the pith to the bark to determine anatomical and physical properties such as annual ring width, tracheid length, oven-dry density, basic density, and volume shrinkage, and mature wood was used to measure mechanical strength characteristics such as static bending (MOE and MOR) and compression parallel to the grain. The results showed that the densities (oven-dry density and basic density) and volumetric shrinkage increased along the radial axis from the pith to the bark. With increasing cambial age, the values of length increased while the annual ring width decreased. The average density of the test sample (r12) was 545 kg m-3, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 7.21 GPa, the modulus of rupture (MOR) was 82.81 MPa, and the compression strength parallel to the grain was 52.18 MPa. The relationship between the wood density and strength properties was determined by regression analyses. It was found that there were strong relationships between density and MOR and compression strength parallel to the grain. However, the modulus of elasticity showed weak correlation with the wood density. The results of this research were compared with the other growing sites of pine trees in Iran. As a result of this comparison, it was observed that pine trees grown in Garagpas-Kelardasht and pine trees at other sites have different wood properties.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

annual ring width, tracheid length, wood density, volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties, Pinus eldarica Medw

Anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) grown in the Kelardasht region

Keywords:

Key words: Pinus eldarica Medw., annual ring width, tracheid length, wood density, volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties,

PDF

___

This study Chitgar 75 Safdari (2004) Azadi 60 Safdari (2004) Sorkh-Hesar 70 Safdari (2004) Zaghmarz 40 38 46 40 Golbabaei et al. (1998) Benafeshdeh 40 35 86 04 Kiaei (2009) Saad-Abad 48 43 42 28 Kiaei (2009) Chatan Tehran Habibi et al. (2003) Parsapajouh (1998)
). A low density may be obtained at sites with favorable soil properties for stand growth (Cutter et al. 2004). In this study, the types of soil and the climate conditions were different at all aforementioned sites.
Shepard and Shottafer (1992) and Zhang (1995, 1997).
There was also a negative relationship between the ring width and tracheid length, which was also reported by Fujiwara and Yang (2000). They stated that there was a negative relationship between the cell length and ring width in jack pine (R2= 0.508), balsam fir (R2= 0.496), and black spruce (R2= 0.825), and a positive relationship in trembling aspen (R2= 0.255).
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA. Bektaş İ, Güler C (2001) The determination of some physical properties of beech wood (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in the Andırın region. Turk Agric For J 25: 209-215.
Bektaş İ, Güler C, Baştürk A (2002) Principal mechanical properties of eastern beech wood (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) naturally grown in Andırın northeastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Turk Agric For J 26: 147-154.
Bisset IJ, Dadswell HE, Wardrop B (1951) Factors influencing tracheid length in conifer stems. Aust For 15: 17-30.
Clark A, Saucier JR (1989) Influence of initial planting density, geographic location and species on juvenile wood formation in southern pine. Fores Prod J 39: 42-48.
Clark J (1962) Effects of fiber coarseness and length, I. Bulk, burst, tears, fold and tensile tests. Tappi J 45: 628-634.
Critchfield WB, Little EL (1971) Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. Misc. Pub. 991. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Washington, DC. Cutter BE, Coggeshall MV, Phelps JE, Stoke DD (2004) Impacts of forest management activities on selected hardwoods quality attributes: a review. Wood Fiber Sci 36: 84-97.
Daswell HE (1958) Wood structure variations occurring during tree growth and their influence on properties. Wood Fiber Sci J 1: 1
Debazac E, Tomasson R (1965) Contribution a une etude comparee des Pines Mediteranees de la section halepensis. Ann Sci Forestieres 2: 213-256.
Farmer RE, Wilcox JR (1968) Preliminary testing of eastern cottonwood clones. Wood Sci J 38: 197-201.
Fujiwara S, Yang KC (2000) The relationship between cell length and ring width and circumferential growth rate in five Canadian species. IAWA J 21: 335-345.
Golbabaei F, Hossinzadeh A, Nourbakhsh A, Jahan-Latibari A, Sepidehdam J (1998) Study on papermaking characteristics of pine wood (Pinus eldarica). Iranian J Wood and Paper Res 5: 1
Guler C, Copur Y, Akgul M, Buyuksari B (2007) Some chemical, physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood from black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantations. J Appl Sci 7: 755-758.
Habibi MR, Hossinzadeh A, Jahan-Latibari A, Familian H, Hossinkhani H (2003) Investigation on trend of tracheids variations ofPinus eldarica. Iranian J Wood Paper Res 16: 73-92.
Kiaei M (2009) Growth rate and wood properties of pinewood (Pinus eldarica) on different sites (North of Iran). Ph.D. dissertation.
Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Branch, pp. Koga S, Zhang SY, Begin J (2002) Effects of precommercial thinning on annual radial growth and wood density in Balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Fiber Sci 34: 624-645.
Koizumi A, Takata K, Yamashita K, Nakada R (2003) Anatomical characteristics and mechanical properties ofLarix sibirica grown in south-central Siberia. IAWA J 24: 355-370.
Malakpur A (1999) Kelardasht (Geography, History and Culture), NO: 964-92234-0-1, Tehran, Iran.
Mäkinen H, Saranpää P, Linder S (2002a) Effect of growth rate on fiber characteristics in Norway spruce. Holz J 56: 449-460.
Mäkinen H, Saranpää P, Linder S (2002b) Wood-density variation of
Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fiber dimension. Canadian J For Res 32: 185-194. Omidvar AA (1987) The impact of annual ring width on technological quality of pine wood (Pinus taeda). M.A. thesis.
Noor University of Modares-Training, pp. 200. Panshin A, de Zeeuw C (1980) Textbook of Wood Technology. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Parsapajouh D (1998) Wood Technology. 4th ed. Tehran University, No: 1851, Iran.
Raiskila S, Saranpää P, Fagerstedt K, Laakso T, Löija M, Mahlberg R, Paajanen L, Ritschkoff A-C (2006) Growth rate and wood properties of Norway spruce cutting clones on different sites. Silva Fennica J 40: 247-255.
Rigatto PA, Dedecek RA, Monteiro de Matos JL (2004) Influência dos atributos do solo sobre a qualidade da Madeira dePinus taeda para produção de cellouse kraft. Revista árvore 28: 267-273.
Safdari VR (2004) A dendroclimatological evaluation ofFraxinus excelsior and Pinus eldarica at three sites in Tehran. Ph.D. dissertation. Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Branch, pp. 141.
Shepard RK, Shottafer JE (1992) Specific gravity and mechanical property-age relationship in red pine. Fores Produ J 42: 60-66.
Tokumoto M, Takeda T, Nakano T, Hashizume T, Yoshida T, Takei F, Nagao H, Tanaka T, Nakai T (1997) Mechanical properties of full-sized square lumber of karamatsu. Bull Shinshu Univ For : 75-145.
Zare H (2001) Introduced and native conifers in Iran. Ministry of
Jihad-e-Agriculture, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, No: 271, Tehran, Iran. Zhang SY (1995) Effect of growth rate on wood specific gravity and selected mechanical properties in individual species from distinct wood categories. Wood Sci Tech 29: 451-465.
Zhang SY (1997) Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level. Wood Sci Tech 31: 181-191.
Zhang SY (1998) Effect of age on the variation, correlations and inheritance of selected wood characteristics in black spruce
(Picea mariana). Wood Sci Tech 32: 197-204. Zhang SY, Simpson D, Morgenstern EK (1996) Variation in the relationship of wood density with growth in 40 black spruce
(Picea mariana) families grown in New Brunswick. Wood Fiber Sci 8: 91-98. Zobel BJ, van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood Variation: Its Causes and Control. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.