Furkan BAŞ, Burak ŞEN, MEHMET FATİH KAYA

Tarımsal Faaliyetlerden Kaynaklanan Organik Atıklardan Hidrojen Gazı Elde Edilmesi

Gün geçtikçe artan dünya nüfusunun aynı oranda enerjiye ve besine olan ihtiyacı da artmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere tarımsal faaliyetler gösteren işletmeler, dünyanın endüstri pastasından büyük bir pay almaktadır, bu yüzden bu endüstrilerin faaliyetleri sonucu ortaya çıkan kirlilikler de küçümsenemeyecek seviyededir. Tarımsal faaliyetler sonucu açığa çıkan organik atıklardan enerji üretimi ise önemli bir çalışma alanı olmakla birlikte; bu atıkların geri kazanımı ile çevreye verilen zarar da indirgenmiş olunacaktır. Bu yüzden önerilen çalışmada, tarımsal faaliyetlerden kaynaklananorganik atıklardan hidrojen gazı elde edilmesi ve hidrojen teknolojisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca, dünyada ve Türkiye’de organik atıklardan hidrojen enerjisinin üretim ve kullanım durumu incelenmiştir.

Producing Hydrogen Gas from Organic Wastes Released by Agricultural Activities

The world’s population is increasing day by day, and the need of the energy and food is increasing at the same rate. As it is known, facilities which engaged in agricultural activities take a large share of the world’s industrial pie, so the pollution sparked by the activities of these industries is also uncondescending. Energy production from organic wastes exposed as a result of agricultural activities is an important working area; damage to the environment will also be reduced by the recovery of the wastes. In this study, hydrogen gas production from organic wastes released by agricultural activities will be demonstrated. In addition, literature review on the state of hydrogen energy from organic wastes in the world and in Turkey will be carried out.

PDF

___

Ahmadi P, Dincer I, Rosen, MA. 2013. “Energy and Exergy Analyses of Hydrogen Production Via Solar-Boosted Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Pem Electrolysis”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(4): 1795-1805.

Ambler JR., Logan BE. 2011. “Evaluation of Stainless Steel Cathodes and a Bicarbonate Buffer for Hydrogen Production in Microbial Electrolysis Cells Using a New Method for Measuring Gas Production”, international journal of hydrogen energy, 36(1): 160-166.

Ayers KE, Anderson EB, Capuano C, Carter B, Dalton L, Hanlon G, Manco J, Niedzwiecki M. 2010. “Research Advances Towards Low Cost, High Efficiency Pem Electrolysis”, ECS transactions, 33(1): 3.

Azbar N, Dokgöz FTÇ, Keskin T, Korkmaz KS, Syed HM. 2009. “Continuous Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Cheese Whey Wastewater under Thermophilic Anaerobic Conditions”, International journal of Hydrogen energy, 34(17): 7441-7447.

Ball M, Wietschel M. 2009. “The Future of Hydrogen– Opportunities and Challenges”, International journal of hydrogen energy, 34(2): 615-627.

BEPA Türkiye Biyokütle Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası. 2020. https://bepa.enerji.gov.tr/

Carmo M, Fritz DL, Mergel J, Stolten D. 2013. “A Comprehensive Review on Pem Water Electrolysis”, International journal of hydrogen energy, 38(12), 4901-4934.

Carvalho F, Prazeres AR, Rivas J. 2013. “Cheese Whey Wastewater: Characterization and Treatment”, Science of the total environment, 445: 385-396.

Castelló E, Santos CG, Iglesias T, Paolino G, Wenzel J, Borzacconi L, Etchebehere C. 2009. “Feasibility of Biohydrogen Production from Cheese Whey Using a Uasb Reactor: Links between Microbial Community and Reactor Performance”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(14): 5674-5682.

Cheng S, Logan BE. 2007. “Ammonia Treatment of Carbon Cloth Anodes to Enhance Power Generation of Microbial Fuel Cells”, Electrochemistry Communications, 9(3): 492- 496.

Cooper JF, Wang J, Krueger R, King K. 1997. Destruction of Organic Wastes by Ammonium Peroxydisulfate with Electrolytic Regeneration of the Oxidant. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States).

De Gioannis G, Friargiu M, Massi E, Muntoni A, Polettini A, Pomi R, Spiga D. 2014. “Biohydrogen Production from Dark Fermentation of Cheese Whey: Influence of Ph”, International journal of hydrogen energy, 39(36): 20930- 20941.

Denbigh KG, 1984. Chemical Reactor Theory, Cambridge University Press, USA

Diamantis V, Aivasidis A. 2018. “Performance of an Ecsb Reactor for High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment of Cheese Industry Wastewater: Effect of Pre-Acidification on Process Efficiency and Calcium Precipitation”, Water Science and Technology, 78(9): 1893-1900

Dincer I, Acar C, 2015. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability. International journal of hydrogen energy, 40: (34): 11094-11111

Ergüder T, Tezel U, Güven E, Demirer G. 2001. “Anaerobic Biotransformation and Methane Generation Potential of Cheese Whey in Batch and Uasb Reactors”, Waste management, 21(7): 643-650.

FAO. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (Son erişim: 2020).

Friel S, Dangour AD, Garnett T, Lock K, Chalabi Z, Roberts I, Butler A, Butler CD, Waage J, McMichael AJ. 2009. “Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Food and Agriculture”, The Lancet, 374(9706): 2016-2025.

Frigon JC, Breton J, Bruneau T, Moletta R, Guiot S. 2009. “The Treatment of Cheese Whey Wastewater by Sequential Anaerobic and Aerobic Steps in a Single Digester at Pilot Scale”, Bioresource technology, 100(18): 4156-4163.

Fujiwara S, Kasai S, Yamauchi H, Yamada K, Makino S, Matsunaga K, Yoshino M, Kameda, T, Ogawa T, Momma S. 2008. “Hydrogen Production by High Temperature Electrolysis with Nuclear Reactor”, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 50(2-6): 422-426.

Funk JE. 2001. “Thermochemical Hydrogen Production: Past and Present”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 26(3), 185-190.

Genç N. 2011 “Atıkların Biyohidrojen Üretim Potansiyellerinin Değerlendirilmesi.” Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 17.2.

Gil GC, Chang IS, Kim BH, Kim M, Jang JK, Park, HS, Kim HJ. 2003. “Operational Parameters Affecting the Performannce of a Mediator-Less Microbial Fuel Cell”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 18(4): 327-334.

Grigoriev S, Porembsky V, Fateev V. 2006. “Pure Hydrogen Production by Pem Electrolysis for Hydrogen Energy”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(2): 171-175.

Guo XM, Trabl, E, Latrille E, Carrere H, Steyer JP. 2010. Hydrogen production from agricultural waste by dark fermentation: a review. International journal of hydrogen energy, 35(19): 10660-10673

Hu H, Fan Y, Liu H. 2008. “Hydrogen Production Using Single- Chamber Membrane-Free Microbial Electrolysis Cells”, Water research, 42(15): 4172-4178.

Jardan RK, Nagy I, Varga Z, Special Features of Ultrahigh-Speed Induction Generators Applied in the Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources, 2008 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion. 1439- 1444, 2008.

Johnson D, Feng J, Houk L. 2000. “Direct Electrochemical Degradation of Organic Wastes in Aqueous Media”, Electrochimica Acta, 46(2-3): 323-330.

Kadier A, Simayi Y, Abdeshahian P, Azman NF, Chandrasekhar K, Kalil MS. 2016. “A Comprehensive Review of Microbial Electrolysis Cells (Mec) Reactor Designs and Configurations for Sustainable Hydrogen Gas Production”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(1): 427-443.

Kaldellis J, Zafirakis D. 2007. “Optimum Energy Storage Techniques for the Improvement of Renewable Energy Sources-Based Electricity Generation Economic Efficiency”, Energy, 32(12): 2295-2305.

Karakış E. 2019. Enerji Arz Güvenliği, Piyasalar ve İstatistik Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ağustos 2019 Aylık Enerji İstatistikleri Raporu.

Kawai T, Sakata T. 1980. “Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Liquid Methanol and Water”, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, (15): 694-695.

Kaya MF. 2017. “Investigation of alkaline water electrolysis performance for different cost effective electrodes under magnetic field.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42.28: 17583-17592.

Kaya MF. 2020. “Improving PEM water electrolyser’s performance by magnetic field application.” Applied Energy 264: 114721.

Kim KY, Wulin Y, Bruce EL. 2018. Science & Technology 52.12: 7131-7137.

Kim KY, Zikmund E, Logan BE. Impact of catholyte recirculation on different 3-dimensional stainless steel cathodes in microbial electrolysis cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42(50): 29708−29715.

Kumar SS, Himabindu, V. 2019. “Hydrogen Production by Pem Water Electrolysis–a Review”, Materials Science for Energy Technologies.

Levene JI, Mann MK, Margolis RM, Milbrandt A. 2007. “An Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Renewable Electricity Sources”, Solar Energy, 81(6): 773-780.

Liu H, Grot S, Logan BE. 2005. “Electrochemically Assisted Microbial Production of Hydrogen from Acetate”, Environmental science & technology, 39(11): 4317-4320.

Logan BE, Call D, Cheng S, Hamelers HV, Sleutels TH, Jeremiasse AW, Rozendal RA. 2008. “Microbial Electrolysis Cells for High Yield Hydrogen Gas Production from Organic Matter”, Environmental science & technology, 42(23): 8630- 8640.

Lu L, Ren ZJ. 2016. “Microbial Electrolysis Cells for Waste Biorefinery: A State of the Art Review”, Bioresource technology, 215: 254-264.

Mazloomi K, Gomes C. 2012. “Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier: Prospects and Challenges”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5): 3024-3033.

Moriarty P, Honnery D. 2009. “Hydrogen’s Role in an Uncertain Energy Future”, international journal of hydrogen energy, 34(1): 31-39.

Neuman EB, 2001. Chemical Reactor Design, Optimization, and Scaleup, New York.

Ni M, Leung MK, Sumathy K, Leung DY. 2006. “Potential of Renewable Hydrogen Production for Energy Supply in Hong Kong”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(10): 1401-1412.

Ni M, Leung MK., Leung DY, Sumathy K. 2007. “A Review and Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water- Splitting Using Tio2 for Hydrogen Production”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(3): 401-425.

Nie J, Chen Y, Boehm RF, Katukota S. 2008. “A Photoelectrochemical Model of Proton Exchange Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production”, Journal of Heat Transfer, 130(4): 042409.

Rabaey K, Lissens G, Siciliano SD, Verstraete W. 2003. “A Microbial Fuel Cell Capable of Converting Glucose to Electricity at High Rate and Efficiency”, Biotechnology letters, 25(18): 1531-1535.

Rozendal RA, Hamelers HV, Euverink GJ, Metz SJ, Buisman CJ. 2006. “Principle and Perspectives of Hydrogen Production through Biocatalyzed Electrolysis”, International journal of hydrogen energy, 31(12): 1632-1640.

Rozendal RA, Hamelers HV, Molenkamp RJ, Buisman CJ. 2007. “Performance of Single Chamber Biocatalyzed Electrolysis with Different Types of Ion Exchange Membranes”, Water research, 41(9): 1984-1994.

Şahin, G. 2020. Türk Dünyasında Domuz (Sus Scrofa Domesticus) Yetiştiriciliği ve Türk Kültüründe Domuz,Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9 /Ocak 2020 International Journal of Afro- Eurasian Research (IJAR) / Volume: 5 Issue: 9 /January 2020 e-ISSN 2602-215X

Selembo PA, Perez JM, Lloyd WA, Logan BE. 2009. “High Hydrogen Production from Glycerol or Glucose by Electrohydrogenesis Using Microbial Electrolysis Cells”, International journal of hydrogen energy, 34(13): 5373-5381.

Shin Y, Park W, Chang J, Park J. 2007. “Evaluation of the High Temperature Electrolysis of Steam to Produce Hydrogen”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32(10-11): 1486- 1491.

Singh M, Khadkikar V, Chandra A, Varma RK. 2010. “Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level with Power-Quality Improvement Features”, IEEE transactions on power delivery, 26(1): 307- 315.

Sun M, Sheng GP, Mu ZX, Liu XW, Chen YZ, Wang HL, Yu HQ. 2009. “Manipulating the Hydrogen Production from Acetate in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell– Microbial Fuel Cell- Coupled System”, Journal of Power Sources, 191(2): 338- 343.

Tartakovsky B, Manuel MF, Neburchilov V, Wang H, Guiot S. 2008. “Biocatalyzed Hydrogen Production in a Continuous Flow Microbial Fuel Cell with a Gas Phase Cathode”, Journal of Power Sources, 182(1): 291-297.

TÜİK, 2018. Türkiye sektörler bazında sera gazı emisyonu, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33675

Turner JA. 2004. “Sustainable Hydrogen Production”, Science, 305(5686), 972-974. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92& locale=tr, (Erişim: 2020).

Veziroğlu TN, Şahin S. 2008. “21st Century’s Energy: Hydrogen Energy System”, Energy conversion and management, 49(7): 1820-1831.

Xin Mei Guo ET, He´le`ne Carre`re EL, Steyer JP. 2010 “Hydrogen Production from Agricultural Waste by DarkFermentation: A Review”, İnternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35(19): 10660-10673.

YEGM, 2020. Yenilenebilir Enerji Genel Müdürlüğü, Biyoetanol.http://www.yegm.gov.tr/yenilenebilir/biyoetanol. aspx

Yerokhin A, Nie X, Leyland A, Matthews A, Dowey S. 1999. “Plasma Electrolysis for Surface Engineering”, Surface and coatings technology, 122(2-3): 73-93.

Zeng K, Zhang D. 2010. “Recent Progress in Alkaline Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production and Applications”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3): 307-326.v