Assessment of Pedotransfer Functions for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Anatolian Soils

Hydraulic conductivity is an essential base for applied research in soil and water management, landscape, and environmental disciplines. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is one of the most important soil physical properties, which is considered in the planning of irrigation and drainage and predicting other soil hydrological processes. However, it has been frequently reported that measurement of Ksat is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive due to its high spatial variability and this has motivated researchers to develop indirect methods such as pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for developing Ksat-database in regional and national scales. In this study, eight Ksat studies with the PTFs in Anatolian soils were reviewed. PTFs were evaluated regarding their type, predictors used, and their performance. The majority of studied PTFs were developed on alluvial, colluvial, and alkaline soils in semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been common PTFs, and soil texture, bulk density, organic matter content, and pH have been common predictors used with these PTFs. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2 ) were the commonly used criteria in the verification and validation of the PTFs. Studies on the use of Ksat and PTFs are inadequate, and researches are still needed to be able to use it nationwide and can develop an adequate database. According to the results of PTF studies, the highest R2 and correlation coefficient (r) values belong to the Rosetta and MLR types of the PTFs, respectively. The lowest RMSE value was obtained with the equations in which the physical and chemical soil properties were used together as input data for PTFs. In addition, it has been noted that the soil morphological properties should be used as input data in PTFs studies, especially in Ksat estimation.

Anadolu Topraklarının Doymuş Hidrolik İletkenliği için Pedotransfer Fonksiyonlarının Değerlendirilmesi

Hidrolik iletkenlik, toprak ve su yönetimi, peyzaj ve çevre disiplinlerinde uygulamalı araştırmalar için temel bir temeldir. Doymuş hidrolik iletkenlik (Ksat), sulama ve drenajın planlanmasında ve diğer toprak hidrolojik süreçlerinin öngörülmesinde dikkate alınan en önemli toprak fiziksel özelliklerinden biridir. Bununla birlikte, Ksat ölçümünün yüksek mekansal değişkenliği nedeniyle zahmetli, zaman alıcı ve pahalı olduğu sıklıkla bildirilmiştir. Bu, araştırmacıları bölgesel ve ulusal ölçeklerde Ksat veri tabanı geliştirmek için pedotransfer fonksiyonları (PTF’ler) gibi dolaylı yöntemler geliştirmeye motive etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Anadolu topraklarında PTF kullanılarak yapılan sekiz Ksat çalışması gözden geçirilmiştir. PTF’ler türleri, kullanılan öngörücüleri ve performansları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen PTF’lerin çoğu, yarı kurak ve yarı nemli iklimlerde alüvyal, kolüvyal ve alkali topraklarda geliştirilmiştir. Çoklu lineer regresyon (MLR) ve yapay sinir ağları (ANNs) yaygın PTF’lerdir ve toprak dokusu, kütle yoğunluğu, organik madde içeriği ve pH bu PTF’lerde yaygın olarak kullanılan tahmin edicilerdir. Kök ortalama kare hatası (RMSE), ortalama mutlak hata (MAE) ve determinasyon katsayısı (R2 ) PTF’lerin doğrulanmasında ve onaylanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan ölçütlerdir. Ksat ve PTF’lerin kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar yetersizdir ve ülke çapında kullanabilmek ve yeterli bir veri tabanı geliştirebilmek için hala araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır. PTF çalışmalarının sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek R2 ve korelasyon katsayısı (r) değerleri sırasıyla PTF’lerin Rosetta ve MLR tiplerine aittir. En düşük RMSE değeri, fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerinin PTF’ler için girdi verileri olarak birlikte kullanıldığı denklemlerle elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, toprak morfolojik özelliklerinin PTF çalışmalarında, özellikle Ksat tahmininde girdi verileri olarak kullanılması gerektiği kaydedilmiştir.

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