Agricultural Geography Analysis of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) from Turkey

Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is one of the oldest trees in the world and has been cultivated from civilization of Ancient Persia, especially on the Mediterranean coasts, till nowadays. The fruit of the carob tree (carob bean) are attracting attention in recent years due among others to tits rich nutritional value and use as a substitute and/or alternative for cocoa. Although it has higher sugar content than sugar beet and sugar cane, it is a food that also lowers cholesterol. In addition to its fruit, the plant has interesting morphological qualities. Deep root system of carob tree allows high productivity even in draught conditions; it is an ideal plant in the fight against erosion and one of the most preferred plants while establishing fire-resistant forests. Additionally, because 2016 was declared the International Year of Pulses, it is necessary to draw attention to the carob tree since it is a typical pulse plant. The status of Turkey, as the 5th carob producer in the world, was analysed in this context, in terms of Agricultural Geography. The existing and necessary practices in carob production are discussed based on the data from the studies conducted in Antalya and Mersin in 2015 and previous ones.

PDF

___

Alexander RR, Shepperd WD. 1974. Ceratonia siliqua L., Carob, In: Schopmeyer CS, tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handbk. 450. Washington, D.C. USDA Forest Service: 303-304.

Anonymous. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 109 - 116, Washington, D.C.

Anonymous. 2016a. Keçiboynuzu (Harnup) Eylem Planı (2006 - 2015), T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Silvikültür Daire Başkanlığı, pp. 25, Ankara. Anonymous. 2016b. Carob http://www.feedipedia.org/node/320 (Last access: 12.09.2016).

Batlle I, Tous J. 1997. Carob Tree. Ceratonia siliqua L. Promoting (Ceratonia siliqua), the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. 17. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, uploads/tx_news/Carob_tree_Ceratonia_siliqua_L._347.pdf (Last access: 12.09.2016).

Batlle I. 1997. Current Situation And Possibilities of Development of The Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in the Mediterranean Region, Basılmamış FAO Raporu, Rome/Italy.

Bronstein Lynn. 2013. The Literary Cookbook: The Day of the Locust, Boryanabooks, Publisher of Ebooks and Commentary, http://boryanabooks.com/?p=2993 (Last access: 12.09.2016).

Ceylanlı N. 1962. Harnup (Keçiboynuzu) Yetiştirilmesi Bitkisel Değeri ve Ekonomik Önemi, Tarım Bakanlığı, Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi, pp. 36, Ankara.

De Candolle A. 1883. L'origine des Plantes Cultivées. Balière, Paris. Demirtaş Ö. 2007. Keçiboynuzu Çekirdeklerinden Gam Üretim Yollarının Araştırılması, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova University Institute of Natural And Applied Sciences, pp. 48, Adana. siliqua)

FAO. 2016. Crops Statistics, http://faostat3.fao.org/download/ Q/QC/E (Last access: 12.09.2016).

Ghrabi Z. 2005. A Guide to Medicinal Plants in North Africa, IUCN Centre For Mediterranean Cooperation Published, pp. 79 - 81, 2005, Malaga / İspanya.

Grados N, Cruz G. 1996. New Approaches to Industrialization of Algarrobo (Prosopis pallida) Pods in Peru, pp. 3.25 - 3.42. In: Prosopis. Semiarid Fuelwood and Forage Tree; Building Consensus existentialist philosophers and authors Felker and J. Moss. Center for Semi-Arid Forest Resources Kingsville, Texas/USA.

Günal N. 1999. Keçiboynuzu (Ceratonia siliqua L.)'nun Türkiye'deki Coğrafi Yayılışı, Ekolojik ve Floristik Özellikleri, Marmara Geographical Review, No: 2, pp. 60 - 74, 1998 - 1999, İstanbul.

Iipumbu L. 2008. Compositional Analysis of Locally Cultivated Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Cultivars And Development of Nutritional Food Products For a Range of Market Sectors, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, December 2008, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

İbrahim Abdüsselam Paşa. 2008. Yemen Seyahatnamesi ve Bitkisel Coğrafyası, Derleyen: Leyla Batu Pekcan, Gri Publishing: 65, December 2008, İstanbul.

Karkacıer M, Artık N. 1995. Keçiboynuzunun (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fiziksel Özellikleri, Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Ekstraksiyon Koşulları, The Journal of Food, Vol. 20, Issue: 3, pp. 131 - 136, Ankara.

Keleş H Ulusoy R, Bilir N. 2014. Selection Protection and Importance of Gene Conservation Areas in Wild Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), 3rd International Non-wood Forest Products Symposium, 8 - 10 May 2014, pp. 71 - 79, Kahramanmaraş.

Keleş H, Bilir N. 2015. Interaction of Growth And Reproduction Characteristics in Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Populations, Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 61, Issue: 4, p. 369 - 377.

Özdem MA. 2012. Dünya ve Türkiye'de Kuru Baklagiller, TEPGE Bakış, 1303-8346/7, p. 9, Ankara.

Pamay B. 1992. Bitki Materyali I. Ağaç ve Ağaççıklar, Uycan Publication, İstanbul.

Pekmezci M, Erkan M, Adak N, Gübrük H, Onus N, Karaşahin I, Eti S, Biner B. 2005. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesinde Yabani ve Kültür Formunda Yetişen Keçiboynuzu Tiplerinin Seleksiyonu, Journal of Bahçe, No: 34, Issue: 2, p. 73 - 82 Yalova.

Pekmezci M, Gübbük H, Eti S, Erkan M, Adak N, Onus N, Karaşahin I, Biner B, Adak N. 2008. Batı Akdeniz ve Ege Bölgesi'nde Yabani ve Kültür Formunda Yetişen Keçiboynuzu Tiplerinin Seleksiyonu, Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 145 - 153, Antalya.

Schweinfurth G. 1894. Sammlung Arabisch-aethiopischer Pflanzen, Ergebnisse von Reisen in den Jahren 1881, 1888-89, 1891-92. Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 1 - 114.

Shepperd WD. 2008. Fabaceae - Pea Family Ceratonia siliqua L. Carob, USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 727 - The Woody Plant Seed Manual, pp. 371 - 373.

Şahin M, Sabuncu R, Cengiz Y. 2004. Keçiboynuzunun (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Yetiştirilmesi, Teknik Bülten No: 21, T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Yayın No: 228, Müdürlük Yayın No: 023, Year: 2004, Antalya.

Taşlıgil N. 2011. Keçiboynuzu (Ceratonia siliqua L.)'nun Coğrafi Yayılışı ve Ekonomik Özellikleri, ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 2, pp. 252 - 266.

Tunalıoğlu R, Özkaya MT. 2003. Keçiboynuzu, Tarımsal Ekonomi Araştırma Enstitüsü - BAKIŞ, Vol. 3, Issue: 5, pp. 4, Ankara.

Turkstat. 2016. Crops Statistics, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do (Last access: 12.09.2016).

Vavilov NI. 1926. Centres of Origin of Cultivated Plants. Bulletin of Applied Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding, 16: 1-248.

Vavilov NI. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity, and Breeding of Cultivated Plants Translator: K.S. Chester. The Ronald Press Co., New York.

Yıldız A. 1995. Keçiboynuzunun (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Değişik Yöntemlerle Çoğaltılması Üzerinde Araştırmalar, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.

Yıldırım Hİ, Kargıoğlu M. 2015. Alanya ve Gazipaşa (Antalya)'da Doğal Keçiboynuz (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pekmezinin Üretimi ve Kullanımı, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 15, p. 10 - 16.

Yaltırık F, Efe A. 1994. Dendroloji, İstanbul University, Faculty of Forestry Publishing, No: 431, 1994, İstanbul.

Zohary D. 1996. Domestication of the Carob Tree, II. International Carob Symposium, Cabanas-Tavira / Portugal.