The relationship between gross motor skills and visual perception of preschoolers

Okul öncesi çocukların görsel algıları ile büyük kas motor becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelendiği bu çalışmada; “Çocukların görsel algıları ile büyük kas motor becerileri arasında ilişki var mıdır?”, “Çocukların görsel algıları, büyük kas motor becerilerinin yordayıcısı mıdır?”, Büyük kas motor becerileri düşük, orta ve yüksek düzeyde olan çocukların görsel algıları arasında fark var mıdır?” sorularına cevap aranmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modelinde düzenlenen bu araştırmaya, yaşları 54 ile 59 ay arası değişen 322 çocuk katılmıştır. Çocukların % 52’si erkek, % 48’i kızdır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak; Frostig tarafından geliştirilen “Frostig Gelişimsel Görsel Algı Testi (FGGAT)” ile Ulrich tarafından geliştirilen ve Tepeli ve ark. tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan “Büyük Kas Becerilerini Ölçme Testi (BüKBÖT)” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde “Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Katsayısı”, “Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon” ile “Varyans Analizi” istatistiksel metotları kullanılmıştır. Çocukların BüKBÖT alt test ve toplam test puanları ile FGGAT alt test ve toplam test puanları arasında doğru orantılı oldukça yüksek ilişkiler belirlenmiştir (p

Answers were searched for these questions; “Is there a relationship between visual perceptions and gross motor skills of preschool children?”, “Are preschool children's visual perceptions predictors of their gross motor skills?”, “Is there any difference between visual perceptions of the children having low, average and high level of gross motor skills?” within this study where the relationship between preschool children's visual perceptions and their gross motor skills were comparatively examined. 322 children, ages ranging from 54 to 59 months, participated in this research designed in relational screening model. 52% of the children are boys, 48% of them are girls. As a data collection tool; Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (FDTVP), developed by Frostig was used together with Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), developed by Ulrich and Tepeli et al. adapted to Turkish. “Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient”, “Multiple Linear Regression” and “One-Way ANOVA” statistical methods were used in data analysis. Very high directly proportional relationships were determined between children's TGMD-2 sub test and total test scores and their FDTVP sub test and total test scores (p<0.01). FDTVP sub tests were determined to explain 27% of the total variance in Locomotor Skills sub test, 70% of the total variance in Object Control Skills sub test, and 60% of the total variance in Gross Motor Skills total test of TGMD-2. In addition, it was determined that FDTVP sub test and total test scores of the children differs significantly according to their gross motor skills.

Keywords:

Preschoolers; visual perception; gross motor skill; object control skill; locomotor skill.,

PDF

___

1. Akdemir B. Visual apprehension ability evaluating gouger, mentally defective students in between 6-12 years. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Konya: Selcuk University, 2006.
2. Bonifacci P. Children with low motor ability have lower visual-motor integration ability but unaffected perceptual skills. Human Movement Science, 2004; 23:157-168.
3. Bruininks VL, Bruininks RH. Motor proficiency of learning disabled and nondisabled students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977; 44: 1131-1137.
4. Chaikin LE, Downing-Baum S. Functional visual skills. In: Functional Visual Behavior: A Therapists Guide to Evaluation and Treatment Options, Gentile, M, ed. Rockville, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association, 1997: 105-132.
5. Clark JE. Motor development. In: Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, Ramachandran, VS, ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994; 3: 245-255.
6. Dwyer C, McKenzie BE. Impairment of visual memory in children who are clumsy. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1994; 11: 179-189.
7. Erhardt RP, Duckman RH. Visual-perceptual-motor dysfunction and its effects on eye-hand coordination and skill development. In: Functional Visual Behavior in Children: An Occupational Therapy Guide to Evaluation and Treatment Options, Gentile, M, ed. Rockville, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association, 2005: 171-228.
8. Frostig M, Lefever W, Whittlesey J. Disturbances in visual perception, The Journal of Educational Research, 1963; 57(3): 87-100.
9. Frostig M. Developmental Test of Visual Perception. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, 1964. 10. Frostig M. Pictures and Patterns: Teacher's Guide. Consulting Psychologist Press, 1968.
11. Frostig M. Five questions regarding my past and future and the past present and future of learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1978; 11(9): 9-12.
12. Gabbard CP. Lifelong Motor Development. 3rd ed. Madison, Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark, 2000.
13. Gallahue DL. Understanding Motor Development in Children. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
14. Gallahue DL, Omzun JC. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
15. Gardner MF. Test of Visual-Motor Skills. Seattle, WA: Special Child Publications: 1986.
16. Glencross DJ, Piek PP, Eds. Motor Control and SensoryMotor Integration, Volume 111: Issues and Directions. North-Holland: Elsevier Science, 1995.
17. Goodale MA, Milner AD. Vision for action and perception. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009: 203-210.
18. Haywood KM, Getchell N. Lifespan Motor Development. 3rd ed. Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.
19. Henderson SE, Barnett A, Henderson L. Visual spatial difficulties and clumsiness: On the interpretation of conjoined deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 1994; 35: 961-969.
20. Hulme C, Smart A, Moran G. Visual-perceptual deficits in clumsy children. Neuropsychological, 1982; 20: 475-481.
21. Jeannerod M. Motor Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
22. Kelso JAS, Mandell AJ, Shlesinger MF, Eds. Dynamic Patterns in Complex Systems. Singapore: World Scientific, 1988.
23. Kogan S. The Relationships between Formal Movement Education in the Elementary School and Increased School Competency. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED300107, 1982.
24. Lockowandt O. Frostig Entwicklung Test Der Visuellen Wahrnehmung. Bettz: Few Deutsche Fraudis, 1974.
25. Lord R, Hulme C. Perceptual judgments of normal and clumsy children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1987; 29: 250-257.
26. Lord R, Hulme C. Visual perception and drawing ability in clumsy and normal children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1988; 6: 1-9.
27. Malina RM. Factors influencing motor development: Introductory comments. In: A Textbook of Motor Development, Corbin, CB, ed. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, 1980: 198-199.
28. Parush S, Yochman A, Cohen D, Gershon, E. Relation of visual perception and visual motor integration for clumsy children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998; 86: 291-295.
29. Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human Motor Development. 5th ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 2002.
30. Reinartz A, Reinartz E. Wahrnehmungstraining. Won Marianne Frostig, David Horne und Ann-Marie Miler, Dortmund: An Weisung Self, 1975.
31. Scheiman M. Understanding and Managing Visual Deficits: A Guide for Occupational Therapists. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack, 1997.
32. Schoemaker MM, Van der Wees M, Flapper B, Verheij JN, Scholten JS, Geuze RH. Perceptual skills of children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Development Science, 2001; 20: 111-133.
33. Seefeldt V. Developmental motor patterns: Implications for elementary school physical education. In: Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, Nadeau, C, Holliwell, W and Roberts, G, eds. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1980: 314-323.
34. Seefeldt, V. The concept of readiness applied to motor skill acquisition. In: Children in Sport, Magill, RA, Ash, MJ and Smoll, FL, eds. Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics, 1982: 335-348.
35. Sökmen S. Perception development in 5 years old: A reliability study for Frostig Visual Perception Test. Unpublished Masters Thesis, İstanbul: Marmara University, 1994.
36. Sigmundsson H, Hansen PC, Talcott JB. Do_clumsy_children have visual deficits? Behavioural Brain Research, 2003; 139: 123-129.
37. Şahin Arı AN. A study of the relationship between visual perception behavior of the children, attending preschool education institutions, with age five- six, and teacher behavior. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Ankara: Gazi University, 2007.
38. Tepeli K, Arı R, Büyüköztürk Ş. Test of gross motor skills. International Conference on Educational Science, Famagusta, North Cyprus: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Eastern Mediterranean University, 2008: 1907-1922.
39. Tsai CL, Wilson PH, Wu SK. Role of visual-perceptual skills (non-motor) in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 2008; 27(4): 649-664.
40. Ulrich DA. Test of Gross Motor Development, Texas: Pro.ed, 2000.
41. Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De Cock P, SmitsEngelsman BC. Association between visual perceptual deficits and motor deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2004; 46: 661-666.
42. Wade MG, Whiting HTA. eds. Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.
43. Waelvelde HV, Weerdt WD, Cock PD, SmithsEngelsman BCM. Association between visual perceptual deficits and motor deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2004; 46(10): 661-666.
44. Weise MR. Self-esteem and achievement in childrens sport and physical activity. In: Advences in Pediatric Sport Sciences, Gould, D and Weise, MR, eds. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1987; 2: 87-117.
45. Williams HG, Temple IG, Bateman NJ. Perceptualmotor and cognitive learning in young children. In: Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport Champaign, Landers, DM and Christina, RW, eds. IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1977: 471-493.
46. Wilson PH, McKenzie BE. Information processing deficit associated with developmental coordination disorder: A meta-analysis of research findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 1998; 39: 829-884.
47. Zaporozhets AV. The development of perception in the preschool child. Monographs of The Society for Research in Child Development, 1965; 30(2): 82-101.