___

• Ackerson, J ., Scogin, F., McKendree-Smith, N. ve Lyman, R. D. (1998). Cognitive bibliotherapy for mild and moderate adolescent depressive symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (4), 685—690.
• Adams, S. J. ve Pitre, N. L. (2000). Who uses bibliotherapy and why? A Survey from an underserviced area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45,645-649.
• Bentler, L. E., Engle, D., Daldrup. R. J., Bergan. J., Meredith. K. ve Merry, W. (1991). Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self—directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333-340.
• Bilich, L. L., Deane, F. P., Phipps, A. B., Barisic, M. ve Gould, G. (2008). Effectiveness of bibliotherapy self- help for depression With varying levels of telephone helpline support. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherphy, 15, 61-74.
• Bowman, D., Scogin, F. ve Lyrene, B. (1995). The efficacy of self—examination therapy and cognitive bibliotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 131440.
• Brewster, L. (2008). Medicine for he soul: Bibiiotheraphy. Aplı's, 21(3),1 15-1 19.
• Bryan, A. I. (1939). Can there be a science of bibliotherapy? Library Journal 64, 773—76.
• Campbell, L. F. ve Smith, T. P. (2003). Integrating self- help books into psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 59(2), 177—186.
• Coleman, M. ve Ganong, L. H. (1990). The use of juvenile Şction and self-help books with stepfamilies. Journal ofCoanseling and Development. 68,327-331.
• Corr, C. A. (2004). Pet loss in death related literature for children. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 48,399—414.
• Cuijpers, P. (1997). Bibliotherapy in unipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 139-147.
• Den Boer, RC. AM., Wiersma, D. ve Van Den Bosch, R. J. (2004). Why is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? A meta—analysis. Psychological Medicine, 234, 959-971.
• Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, C., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., Tata, P., Thornton, S., Barber, J. ve Thompson, S. (1999). Manual-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy (MACT): A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotheraphy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19—25.
• Febbraro, G.A. (2005). Arı investigation into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and minimal contact interventions in the treatment of panic attacks. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 763—779.
• Floyd, M. (2003). Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59,187-195.
• Floyd, M., Rohen, N., Shackelford, J. A. M., Hubbard, K. L., Parnell, M. B., Seogin, F. ve ark. (2006). Two— year follow-up of bibliotherapy and individual cognitive therapy for depressed older adults. Behavior Modification, 30(3), 281—294. 2010, 4 (33), 4656
• Gellatly, J., Bower, P., Hennessy, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S. ve Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self- help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta- regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1217-1228.
• Giblin, P. (1989). Use of reading assignments in clinical practice. T he American Journal of Family Therapy. 17, 219-22.
• Gladding, S. T. ve Gladding, C. (1991). The ABCS of bibliotheraphy for school counselors. School Counselor, 39(1), 7—12.
• Gould, R. A, Clum, G. A. ve Shapiro, D. (1993). The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: a preliminary investigation. Behavioral Therapy, 24, 241—52.
• Gregory, R. J., Canning, S. S., Lee, T. W. ve Wise, J. C. (2004). Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta—Analysis. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, (35) 3, 275-280.
• Gülcü, N. ve Bulut, S.(2010 yayında). Bel ağrısı konusuna yönelik internet sitelerinin içerik analizi. Ağrı Dergisi,
• Halliday, G. (1991) Psychological self—help books-how dangerous are they? Psychotherapy, 28, 678—86.
• Hayes, L. (2002). Coping, View 1: Programs laudable. American Libraries, 33, (8), 35-36.
• Higgins, M., McKevitt, C. ve Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Reading to stroke unit patients: Perceived impact and potential of an innovative arts based therapy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27 (22), 1391-1398.
• Hodges, B., Craven, J. ve Littlefîeid, C. (1995). Bibliotherapy for psychosocial distress in lung transplant patients and their families. Psychosomatics, 36(4), 360—8.
• Jamison, C. ve Scogin. F. (1995). Outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 644—650.
• Jones, F. A. (2002). The role of bibliotheraphy in health anxiety: An experimental study. British Journal of Community Nursing, 7, 498-503.
• Jones, J. L. (2006). A closer look at bibliotherapy. Young Adult Library Services Fall, 24—27.
• Keeley, H., Williams, C. J. ve Shapiro, D. (2002). A United Kingdom survey of accredited cognitive behavior therapists’ attitudes towards and use of structured self-help materials. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 191—201.
• Kohutek, K. J. (1983). Bibliotherapy within a correctional setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 920— 924.
• Landreville, P., Landry, J., Baillargeon, L., Guerette, A. ve Matteau, E. (2001). Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression. The Journals of Gerontology, 563, 285— 291.
• Leach, S. L., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Joan, A. F. ve Mackinnon, A. J. (2007). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the Australian public. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 42,167-172.
• Lu, Y. L. (2008). Helping children cope: What is bibliotherapy? Research and Development, spring, 47—49.
• Marlowe, M. ve Maycook, G. (2000). Phenomenology of bibliotherapy in modifying teacher punitiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(3), 325-336.
• Martinez, R., Whitfield, G., Dafters, R. ve Williams, C. (2008). Can people read self -help manuals for depression? A challenge for the stepped care model and book prescription schemes. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 89—97.
• MeKendree-Smith, N. L., Floyd, M. ve Scogin, F. R. (2003). Self-administered treatments for depression: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 275-288.
• Mimeault, V. ve Morin, C. M. (1999). Self—help treatment for insomnia: Bibliotherapy with and without professional guidance. Journal. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, (4), 511-519.
• NIMHE (2003). http:llwwwnewwaysofworldng.org.uk adresinden 03 Aralik 2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Norcross, J. C. (2006). Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(6), 683-693.
• Öner, U. (1987). “Bibliyoterapi” A.Ü. EHF. Dergisi, 20.1-2
• Öner, U. (2007). Bibliyoterapi. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen- Edebtyat Fakültesi Journal of Arts and Sciences, 7, 133-150.
• Öner, U. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2006). Bibliyoterapi: Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Programlarında Çocuk Edebiyatından Yararlanma. H. Ulusal Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyati Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi (Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi), Yayın No: 203, Ankara, s: 559—565.
• Pardeck, J. A. ve Pardeck, J. T. (1984). An overview of the bibliotherapeutic treatment approach: implications for clinical social work practice. Family Therapy, 1], 241752.
• Pardeck, (1993). Using bibliotheraphy in clinical practice: A guide to self-help books. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• Prater, M. A., Dyches, T. T. ve Johnstun, M. (2006). Teaching students about disabilities through children’s literature. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42 (1), 14-24.
• Quackenbush, R. L. (1991). The prescription of self-help books by psychologists: a bibliography of selected bibliotherapy resources. Psychotherapy, 28, 671—7.
• Redding, R. E., Herbert, . .D., Forman, E. M. ve Gaudiano, B. A. (2008). Popular self-help books for anxiety, depression, and trauma: How scientiŞcally grounded and useful are they? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(5), 537-545.
• Russell, D. H. ve Shrodes, G. (1950). Contributions of research inbibliotherapy to the language arts program. School Review, 58, 411-420.
• Scogin, F., Jamison. C. ve Goehneaur, K. (1989). Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 403-407.
• Scogin, F., Jamison, C. ve Davis, N. (1990). Two—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 665— 667.
• Silverberg, L. (2003). Bibliotheraphy: The therapeutic use of didactic and literary texts in treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and training. JAOA Special Communication, 103(3), 131—135.
• Shechtman, Z. (2006) The contribution of bibliotherapy to the counseling of aggressive boys. Psychotherapy Research, 6 (5), 645-651.
• Shrodes, C. (1950). Bibliotheraphy: A theoretical and clinical experimental study. ' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkley.
• Smith, N. M., Floyd, M. R., Scogin, F. ve Jamison, C. S. (1997). Three—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 324—327.
• Starker, S. (19881)). Psychologists and self-help books: Attitudes and prescriptive practices of clinicians. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(3), 448—455.
• Starker, S. (1988a). Do-it-yourself therapy: The Prescription of self-help books by psychologists. Psychotherapy. 25,142—46, 1988.
• Tolin, D. F. (2001). Case study: bibliotherapy and extinction treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 5-year-old boy. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (9), 1111—4.
• Turner, J. (2008). Bibliotheraphy for health and wellbeing: An effective investment. Aplis, 21 (2), 56-61.
• Tussing, H. L ve Valentine, D. P. (2001). Helping adolescents cope with the mental illness of a parent through bibliotherapy. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 18, (6), 455-469.
• , 4 (33), 46—56 Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
• USING BIBLIOTHERAPHY IN ADULT COUNSELING Sefa BULUT
• Traditional therapies require a great deal of time
• and highly-educated experts, and clients have to wait
• long periods of times to be able to see a therapist. Thus,
• a new cognitive behavioral approach has emerged as an
• alternative method of therapy. Bibliotherapy (BT),
• manual-supported BT, telephone-supported BT and
• book prescriptions terms and concepts have showed up
• in counseling and psychology literature in recent years.
• This current approach has become very popular in
• England, Australia, and North America and has been
• supported by government agencies as an alternative and
• fast way of dealing with mental health problems. Starker (1988a) pointed out that in the USA 98%
• of psychologists have read at least one self—help book.
• Regardless of their theoretical orientations,
• psychologists recommend self-help books to their
• clients; however, dynamically—oriented, analytic
• psychologists use this method less often than others. Halliday check references (1991) surveyed adult
• clients before therapy and found that 43% of them had
• read a book. Among those, 86% reported that they had
• beneŞted, only 9% said that reading a book had caused
• difŞculty and stress in their life. In another study in Canada, Adams and Pitre
• (2000) reported that 68% of mental health experts used
• BT. The reasons for therapists to recommend books are
• as follows: 88 % wanted clients to take responsibility,
• % wanted to ease the therapeutic process, and 64 %
• said clients demanded books for themselves. They also
• mentioned that counselors and psychologists
• recommend books parallel to their theoretical backgrounds. DeŞnition In general, BT is an adjunct method of therapy. It
• is widely recommended to clients in treatment
• (Landereville, Landry, Baillergeon, Guerette and
• Matteav, 2001). Russel and Shrodes (1950) deŞned BT
• as a dynamic interaction process which can be used to
• confront the reader’s emotional difŞculties using a
• skillful expert’s guidance. To Wolberg (1967) in order
• to change individuals’ faulty cognitions, to enhance
• their motivation in a more constructive way, articles,
• books, and reading assignments are prescribed to
• certain clients and counselees.
• Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sefa BULUT, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim
• Bilimleri Bölümü, Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Aria Bilim
• Advantages of Bibliotherapy
• Many researchers have reported that the effects of
• BT can continue up to 2 years (Scogin, Jamison and
• Davis, 1990) or even 3 years (Smith, Floyd, Scogin and
• Jamison, 1997). On the other hand, Van Lankveld
• (1998) claimed that clients’ gains disappeared shortly
• after the treatment and no effect was seen in follow-ups.
• Gregory, Canning, Lee and Wise (2004) believe BT is
• easy to reach for many people, fast, cheap, and non
• intrusive. It is also convenient for those who do not
• want to travel to a counselor’s ofŞce or have difŞculty
• opening up with personal problems such as, sexual
• problems. BT also hastens the healing process, gives
• the clients a sense of trust and autonomy and it
• progresses at the individual’s pace; for these reasons it
• is a preferable method for many experts.
• Studies Involving Bibliotherapy
• The efŞcacy of BT has been proven with persons
• in different age groups. For example, BT was
• successfully employed with adults (Bowman, Scogin
• and Lyrene, 1995), elderly persons (Landreville,
• Landry, Baillargeon, Guerette, and Matteau, 2001),
• adolescents (Ackerson, Scogin, McKendree-Smith ve
• Lyman, 1998), and children (Prater, Dyches and
• Johnstuu, 2006; Tolin, 2001). Sefa Bulut Ackerson et al., (1998) used “self administered cognitive therapy” in conjunction with a weekly phone consultation. Participants Şlled out a work sheet, read some assignments, and completed survey forms to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers reported positive results up to 3 years. Mimeault and
• Morin (1999) conducted a study with people who had
• sleep problems in Canada. They used cognitive
• behavioral bibliotherapy, cognitive behavioral
• bibliotherapy with phone consultation, and control
• groups. They used a manual work book for the Şrst
• groups for 6 weeks, a work book and phone
• consultation for the second group, and no treatment for
• the control group. The group that received phone
• consultation progressed better, but in the follow-up at
• the 3rd month, the difference had disappeared. Kohutek
• (1983) used BT in the USA in a high security prison
• with inmate clients for 4 weeks by assigning 3 books.
• Results revealed that BT increased inmates’ self-esteem
• and strengthened internal control and these gains
• continued for a long time. ln another interesting
• application in a rehabilitation center in London, a group
• of volunteers came to the center to read to and stimulate
• the patients. Their service increased patients’
• cooperation, motivation, and well being and provided
• entertainment as well as connections with the outside
• world and a sense of community. Limitations BT may not be appropriate for every client. Thus,
• it is necessary to pinpoint the characteristics of clients,
• who can beneŞt most from BT (Den Boer, Wiersma
• and Den Bosh, 2004). In Australia (Leach, Christensen,
• GrifŞths, Jorm, and Mackinnon (2007) younger
• persons, persons who value anonymity, and persons
• who want to handle their problems by themselves
• preferred internet resources more often. Similarly, the
• reader’s age, educational level, motivation, insights,
• religious and spiritual orientation, cultural background,
• and the readiness for change impacted the effectiveness
• of BT (Campbell and Smith, 2003). In addition, the
• level of psychopathology determines a client's reactions
• to BT (Redding, Herbert, Fonnan and Gavdiano, 2008).
• Client Characteristics
• The beneŞts are based on the client’s ability to
• read independently, comprehend, and apply the new
• knowledge. Such as, Scogin, Jamison and Goehneaur,
• (1989) reported that it is highly possible for clients with
• a low educational level to quit easily and clients with
• learned powerlessness to beneŞt more (Jamison and
• Scogin, 1995). Beutler, Engle, Daldrup, Bergan,
• Meredith and Merry, (1991) mentioned that clients use
• internal coping skills, and McKendree—Smith, Floyd,
• and Scogin (2003) said that clients with defensive
• attitudes beneŞt more from BT. 56
• Application and Utilization of Bibliotherapy
• Techniques in Turkey
• Bibliotherapy is considered a relatively new and
• untouched methods in counseling practices in Turkey.
• One of the earliest article written by Öner (1987)
• introduced the concept of bibliotherapy, explained the
• stages and purposes of this technique. In following
• years, Öner and Yeşilyaprak (2006) suggested the usage
• of child literature as an adjunct methods for children
• psychological and academic developments. Yesilyaprak
• and Öner (2006) proposed the usage of folk tales and
• Öner (2007) investigated the usage of stories and life
• stories as a bibliotherapy methods in quest of self
• discovery. In sum, even though there are very few
• publications, there is a recent strong grooving interest
• for bibliotherapy techniques in Turkey. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56