Semra SOYDAM-AYDIN, Aslı FAZLIOĞLU, Demet CANSARAN-DUMAN, İlker BÜYÜK, Sümer ARAS, Kürşat DERİCİ

Bitkilerde RNA interferans

RNA interferans (RNAi) mekanizması, hücreye giren çift zincirli RNA'nın (dsRNA) komplementeri olan mRNA zincirinin degradasyonuna yol açması ile sonuçlanan transkripsiyon sonrası gen susturma (posttranscriptional gene silencing), ya da gen ifadesinin düzenlenmesi olarak tanımlanır. RNAi mekanizması sırasında, hedef mRNA'ya komplementer dizi, 500 kDa ağırlığında ve nükleaz aktiviteli bir RNA-multi protein kompleksi olan RISC faktörü aracılığı ile mRNA'nın anlamlı dizisine bağlanır ve gen susturulma mekanizması bu RISC faktörü aracılığı ile kontrol edilir. Gen susturulması mRNA'nın RISC faktöründe bulunan 'Argounate' proteinle etkileşime girmesi ve 'Dicer' enzimi tarafından tanınıp kesilmesi ile gerçekleşir. Bu mekanizma, genomun virüs kalıtım materyali ve transpozonlar gibi hareketli genetik elementlerin istilasından korunmasını sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleşen doğal bir işlemdir. RNAi mekanizması, ökaryot organizmalarda iki tür molekül tarafından gerçekleştirilir. Bu moleküller 22 nükleotid uzunluğunda miRNA (micro RNA) ve 2123 nükleotid uzunluğunda, çift zincirli siRNA (small interfering RNA) molekülleridir. Son yıllarda bilim dünyasının önde gelen konuları arasında yer alan RNAi araştırmaları ile çeşitli organizmalarda genlerin işlevlerini inceleme, işlevlerini bilmediğimiz genlerin fonksiyonlarını belirleme, konak patojen ilişkisi, üreme, programlanmış hücre ölümü, tümör oluşumu gibi birçok alanda bilgi sahibi olunmuştur. Ayrıca; bitkilerde kodlanmayan RNA'ların doku farklılaşması ve gelişiminin kontrolü, sinyal iletimi, fitohormonlarla etkileşim, abiyotik (kuraklık, tuzluluk vb.) ve biyotik (patojenler vb.) stres gibi çevresel etmenlere verilen cevaplarda rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Bu derleme çalışmasında RNAi mekanizmasının temelleri ve bitkilerde RNAi kullanımı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır

RNA interference in plants

RNA interference (RNAi) is defined as silencingof gene after transcription (post-transcriptionalgene silencing), when double stranded RNA (dsRNA)steps into the cell and cause degradation ofendogenic complementary mRNA, or regulation ofgene expression process. During RNA is mechanism,complementary sequence of target mRNA connectsto sense strand of mRNA by factor of RISC. Genesilencing mechanism is controlled by RISC factorwith a mass of 500 kDa which is RNA multi proteincomplex with nuclease activity. Silencing isoccurred by cutting of mRNA, which is interactingwith Argounate protein on RISC factor, withDicer enzyme. This silencing mechanism is naturaland takes a position in defending genome andbiological function of organisms from invasion ofmovable genetic material such as viral hereditarymaterial and transposons. RNAi mechanismrealized with two kinds of molecules in eukaryoticorganisms. These are miRNA (microRNA) which is22 bp and siRNA (small interfering RNA) which is21-23 bp. In recent years RNAi has becomeprominent research area in science world. Severalinformation were achieved with researches ofRNAi such as determining function of genes,host-pathogen interaction, reproduction, apoptosis(programmed cell death) and tumorgenesis etc. Also, determined with RNAi researchs that;non-coding RNA plays role in controlling oftissue development and differentiation, signaltransduction, interaction with phytohormone,responses of abiotic (drought, salinity etc.) or biotic(pathogens etc. ) stress. As a conclusion, this reviewwill try to explain base of RNAi mechanism andusage in plants.

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