İran’da iklim değişikliğinin, klimatolojik, meteorolojik ve hidrolojik afetlere etkisi
İklim değişikliği, çevreyi ve insan yaşamını pek çok bakımdan olumsuz etkilemektedir. Yerküredeiklim değişikliğinin kanıtları yeterince kuvvetli ve ikna edicidir. Deniz seviyelerinin yükselmesi,buzulların erimesi ve buzul alanlarının gerilemesi, yıllık yağış düzenlerinde ciddi değişimleringörülmesi ve küresel ısınmadaki artışlar belli başlı belirtilerdir. Araştırma bulguları ve tespitler20. yüzyılın ortalarından bu yana değişimlerin temel nedeninin insan etkileri olduğunu ortayakoymaktadır. Fosil yakıtların orantısız kullanımı atmosferdeki sera gazlarının hızlı artışına nedenolmuştur. Sera gazı seviyelerinde düşüş olmaz ise 2100 yılına kadar Dünya’nın ortalama sıcaklıkartışının 6.4 °C’ye ulaşabileceği ve ilişkili afet tehlikelerinin giderek artacağı yönünde sonuçlarbelirtilmektedir. İran, iklim değişikliğinin çevre ve toplum üzerindeki etkilerini ciddi artışlarla yaşayanülkeler arasındadır. 1900-1980 yılları arasında yılda gerçekleşen afet sayısı 100’ün altındarapor edilmişken, 2000-2019 yılları arasında afet olayı sayısı yılda 400’e ulaşmıştır. Araştırmalar,İran’da meydana gelen sel, fırtına, kuraklık, yer çökmesi ve orman yangınları gibi afet olaylarınıntemel nedeninin iklim değişikliği olduğunu göstermektedir. İran, yaklaşık 687 milyon ton CO2üretimi ile Orta Doğu’da iklim değişikliğinden sorumlu birinci, Dünya’da ise altıncı ülke sıralamasındayer almaktadır. Gereken önlemlerin alınmaması durumunda önümüzdeki on yıl içerisindeiklim ile ilişkili afetlerdeki artışın çok daha yüksek olacağına dikkat çekilmektedir.
The impact of climate change on climatological, meteorological, and hydrological disasters in Iran
Climate change adversely affects the environment and human life in many respects. The evidencefor climate change on earth is quite solid and convincing. Observable rises in sea levels,melting of a glacier’s ice, the regression of the glacial areas, critical changes in annual precipitationpatterns, and global warming increases are specific evidence of climate change. Scientificstudies and experimental findings indicate the role of human effects as a primary reasonfor the changes since the middle of the 20th century. The disproportionate use of fossil fuelsresulted in the rapid increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without a significantdecrease in greenhouse gas levels, predictions demonstrate that the World’s average temperatureincrease may reach 6.4 °C by 2100, and the associated disaster hazards will graduallyincrease. Iran is among the countries that experience significant increases in climate changeeffects on the environment and society. Between 1900-and 1980, the number of reporteddisasters per year was below 100, whereas the annual number of disasters reached 400 between2000 and 2019. Studies show that climate change is the main reason for disasters suchas floods, storms, droughts, land subsidence, and wildfires in Iran. With approximately 687million tons of CO2 production, Iran ranks first country responsible for climate change in theMiddle East and the sixth country in the World. It is noted that without necessary precautions,the increase in climate-related disasters will be much higher in the next ten years.
___
- Abatzoglou, J. T., Williams, A. P., & Barbero, R. (2019). Global emergence
of anthropogenic climate change in fire weather indices.
Geophysical Research Letters, 46(1), 326-336. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2018GL080959
- Adedeji, O., Okocha, R., & Olatoye, O. (2014). Global climate change.
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2, 114-122.
https://www.scirp.org/pdf/GEP_2014042109284451.pdf
- Albergel, C., Calvet, J. C., Gibelin, A. L., Lafont, S., Roujean, J. L., &
Berne, C. (2010). Observed and modelled ecosystem respiration
and gross primary production of a grassland in southwestern
France. Biogeosciences, 7(5), 1657-1668. https://doi.
org/10.5194/bg-7-1657-2010
- Alizadeh-Choobari, O., Ghafarian, P., & Owlad, E. (2016). Temporal
variations in the frequency and concentration of 47 dust events
over Iran based on surface observations. International Journal
of Climatology, 36(4), 2050-2062. https://doi.10.1002/joc.4479
- Alvankar, S. R., Nazari, F., & Fattahi, E. (2015). The intensity and return
period of drought under future climate change scenarios in
Iran. Journals of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 3(2),
99. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1622841?lang=en
- Amlishi, A. (2007). A study of the type and causes of fire in the forests
of Gilan province. [Conference presentation]. The Second National
Conference on Plant Protection of Forests and Rangelands of
the Country, In the Field of Forests and Forestry, 129-128.
- Babaee, O., & Alijani, B. (2013). Spatial analysis of long duration
droughts in Iran. Physical Geography Research Quartery, 45(3),
1-12. https://doi.10.22059/JPHGR.2013.35831
- Babaeian, E. (2019, November 18-19). Climate change in Iran: from
effects and threats to opportunities. [Conference presentation].
Sixth Regional Conference of Climate Change, Tehran. https://
civilica.com/doc/1002757
- Bakhtiari, A. (2014). Country report: the islamic republic of Iran on
disaster risk management. Iranian National Disaster Management
Organization (NDMO) And Visiting Researcher at ADRC
https://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/IRN/2013/IRN_CR2013B.
pdf
- Banej Shafiei, A., Akbarinia, M., Azizi, P., & Eshaghi Rad, J. (2010). Impacts
of fire on some chemical properties od forest soil in north
of Iran (case study: Kheyroudkenar forest). Iranian Journal of Forest
and Poplar Research., 18(41), 365-379. https://ijfpr.areeo.
ac.ir/article_107690.html?lang=en
- Başoğlu, A., & Telatar, O. M. (2013). İklim değişikliğinin etkileri: tarım
sektörü üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama. Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi, (6), 8-25. https://www.ktu.edu.tr/dosyalar/sbedergisi_
e88c5.pdf
- Blake, E. S., Kimberlain, T. B., Berg, R. J., Cangialosi, J. P., & Beven, J.
L. (2012). Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Sandy 2012. U.S.
National Hurricane Center. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/
AL182012_Sandy.pdf
- Blazy, R., Błachut, J., Ciepiela, A., Labuz, R. Ç., & Papież, R. (2021).
Renewable energy sources vs. an air quality improvement in
urbanized areas - the metropolitan area of Kraków case. Frontiers
in Energy Research 9, 767418. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fenrg.2021.767418
- Boer, M. M., Resco de Dios, V., & Bradstock, R. A. (2020). Unprecedented
burn area of Australian mega forest fires. Nature Climate
Change, 10,171-172. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-
0716-1
- Boloorani, A. D., Nabavi, S. O., Azizi, R., & Bahrami, H. A. (Eds.).
(2012). Characterization of Dust Storm Sources in Western Iran
Using a Synthetic Approach. Advances in Meteorology, Climatology
and Atmospheric Physics, Springer Atmospheric Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29172-2_59
- Borna, R., Roshan, G., & Shahkoohi, A. K. (2011). Global warming
effect on comfort climate conditions in Iran. Advanced Environmental
Biology, 5(11), 3511-8.
- Caglayan, A., Saber, R., & Isik, V. (2021, October 10-14). Assessment
of August 11, 2021 Bozkurt flood disaster with Sentinel-2 satellite
images, Turkey. [Conference presentation]. 11th Congress
of the Balkan Geophysical Society, Bucharest. https://doi.
10.3997/2214-4609.202149BGS88
- Checchi, F., & Robinson, W. C. (2013). Mortality among populations
of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity
and famine during 2010–2012. FAO and FEWS NET, 87 pp.
https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/be225a03-c4e6-
4b65-90aa-d6386c27997a/
- Darand, M., Masoodian, A., Nazaripour, H., & Mansouri Daneshvar,
M. R. (2015). Spatial and temporal trend analysis of temperature
extremes based on Iranian climatic database. Arabian Journal
of Geosciences, 8(10), 8469-8480. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12517-015-1840-5
- Dastorani, M., & Jafari, M. (2019). Analysis of the trend of dust changes
in Ardestan region, Iran. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal,
2(1), 45-54. https://doi.10.22052/jdee.2019.173755.1049
- Demir, A. (2009). Küresel iklim değişkliğinin biyolojik çeşitlilik ve
ekosistem kaynakları üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri
Dergisi, 1(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_
0000000013
- Doğan, S., Özçelik, S., Dolu, Ö., & Erman, O. (2010). Küresel ısınma ve
biyolojik çeşitlilik. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, (3), 63-87. https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/262914443
- Dustan, R. (2015). An analysis of droughts in Iran in the last half-century.
Journal of Climatological Research, 6 (23-24), 2-19. https://
www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=290550
- Ehsani, M. R., Arevalo, J., Risanto, C. B., Javadian, M., Devine, C. J.,
Arabzadeh, A., Venegas-Quiñones, H. L., Dell’Oro, A. P., & Behrangi,
A. (2020). 2019–2020 Australia fire and its relationship to
hydro climatological and vegetation variabilities. Water, 12(11),
3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113067
- Ekrami, M. (2019, July16-17). Severe drop in groundwater is the
most important cause of subsidence in the plains of the country.
[Conference presentation]. 14th National Conference on Watershed
Management Science and Engineering of Iran, ,Orumieh.
https://civilica.com/doc/1012204/
- Elizabeth, B., Ramankutty, N., Hyman G., & Coomes, O. T. (2010).
The role of pasture and soybean in deforestation of the Brazilian
Amazon. Environmental Research Letters, 5, 9 pp. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024002
- Esfahan Meteorological Department, (2020). Analytical report of
drought in Isfahan province. Applied Meteorological Research
Office. http://esfahanmet.ir/dorsapax/userfiles/file/Drought-
Bulltein.pdf
- Eskandari, S. (2015). Investigation on the relationship between climate
change and fire in the forests of Golestan province. Iranian
Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 13(1), 1-10.
https://www.magiran.com/paper/1445004?lang=en
- Eslamian, S., Gilroy, K. L., & McCuen, R. H. (2011). Climate change detection
and modeling in hydrology. In: J. Blanco & H. Kheradmand
(Eds.). Climate change research and technology for adaptation
and mitigation. InTech, 87-100. https ://doi.org/10.5772/24550
- Etemadi, H., Samadi, S., & Sharifikia, M. (2014). Uncertainty analysis
of statistical downscaling models using general circulation model
over an international wetland. Climate Dynamics, 42, 2899-
2920. https://doi.10.1007/s00382-013-1855-0
- Fallah, B., Sodoudi, S., Russo, E., Kirchner, I., & Cubasch, U. (2017).
Towards modeling the regional rainfall changes over Iran due
to the climate forcing of the past 6000 years. Quaternary International,
(429), 119-128. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.
2015.09.061
- Fallah Ghalhari, G., Shakeri, F., & Dadashi Roudbari, A. (2019). Impacts
of climate changes on the maximum and minimum temperature
in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 138(3), 1539-
62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02906-9
- Falsafizade, N., & Sabouhi, M. (2011). Assessment effect of climate
change on products of agriculture sector. Journal of Agricultural
Economics and Development, 26, 272-286.
- Firuzian, S., & Mohammadi sadegh, S. (2016,September 6). Investigation
of the effects and social harms of fine dust (case study
of Sistan city). [Conference presentation]. Fourth International
Conference on Research in Engineering, Science and Technology,
Athene, Greece. https://www.sid.ir/fa/seminar/ViewPaper.
aspx?ID=61390
- Foltz, R. C. (2002). Iran’s water crisis: cultural, political, and ethical
dimensions. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,
15, 357–380. https://doi.10.1023/A:1021268621490
- Food and Agriculture Organization, (2005). Global forest resources
assessment, progress towards sustainable forest management.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
350 pp. http://www.env-edu.gr/Documents/Global%20Forest%
20Resources%20Assessment%202005.pdf
- Frich, P., Alexander, L.V., Della-Marta, P., Gleason, B., Haylock, M.,
Klein Tank, A. M. G., & Peterson, T. (2002). Observed coherent
changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the
twentieth century. Climate Research, 19, 193-212. http://dx.doi.
org/10.3354/cr019193
- Fritz, H. M., & Naderi Beni, A. (2015, November 2-4). Comparison
between the 2007 cyclone Gonu storm surge and the 2004 Indian
ocean tsunami in Oman and Hormozgan, Iran. [Conference
presentation]. Fifth International Conference on Estuaries and
Coasts (ICEC2015), Muscat, Oman. https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/301363009_Comparison_between_the_2007_
Cyclone_Gonu_Storm_Surge_and_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_
Tsunami_in_Oman_and_Hormozgan_Iran
- Ghaderi, S., & Mahmud zadeh, A. (2014, May 15-16). Investigation
of water shortage crisis and water pollution in Zayandehrud
river. [Conference presentation]. First National Conference on
Water Crisis, Islamic Azad University, Khorasan Branch Esfahan.
https://civilica.com/doc/215177/
- Ghaffari, D., & Mosatafa zadeh, R. (2015). An investigation on source,
consequence and solution of dust storm phenomenon in
Iran. Journal of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources,
4(2), 107-125. https://doi.10.22069/ejang.2016.2799
- Ghazanfar pour, H., Hasan Zadeh, S., & Hamedi, M. (2017). Fire
contorol management at the Northern forests of Iran (case
study: Golestan forest). Journal of Natural Environment Hazards,
5(10), 61-78. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.
aspx?ID=522837
- GISTEMP Team, (2022). GISS surface temperature analysis (GISTEMP),
version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Dataset accessed at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
- Gohari, A., Eslamian, S., Abedi-Koupaei, J., Massah Bavani, A.,
Wang D., & Madani, K. (2013). Climate change impacts on crop
production in Iran’s Zayandeh-Rud river basin. Science of the
Total Environment, (442), 405- 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2012.10.029
- Guo, Y., Wu, Y., Wen, B., & Li, S. (2020). Floods in China, COVID-19,
and climate change. Lancet Planetary Health. https://doi.
org/10.1016/ S2542-5196(20)30203-5
- Halbian, A. H., & Shabankari, M. (2010, April 14-16). Water resources
management in Iran (case study: challenges of water transfer
from Beheshtabad to Zayandehrud). [Conference presentation].
Fourth International Congress of Geographers of the Islamic
World, Zahedan. https://civilica.com/doc/82847/
- Haque, Md. K., Azad, Md. A. K., Hossain, Md. Y., Ahmed, T., Uddin,
M., & Hossain, Md. M. (2021). Wildfire in Australia during 2019-
2020, Its impact on health, biodiversity and environment with
some proposals for risk management: a review. Journal of Environmental
Protection, 12, 391-414. https://doi.org/10.4236/
jep.2021.126024
- Heintze, H., Kirch, L., Hilft, B. E., Küppers, B., Mann, H., Mishcho, F.,
Mucke, P., Pazdziery, T., Prütz, R., Radtke, K., Strube, F., & Weller,
D. (2018). World risk report. Berlin: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/World-
RiskReport-2018.pdf
- Hoseini Milani, M. (1994). Additions extraction of groundwater resources
and its effects. [Conference presentation]. Proceedings of the
National Conference on Groundwater Resources, Sirjan, 91-98.
- Hoshyarkhah, B., & Jamshidi Alashti, R. (2007). Forest fire regimes
and coping strategies. [Conference presentation]. The Second
Conference on Dealing with Natural Disasters, Tehran.
Hui, C., Jian, L., Guizhou, W., Guang, Y., & Lei, L. (2015). Identification
of sand and dust storm source areas in Iran. Journal of Arid
Land, 7(5), 567–578. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
279865093
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2007). Summary for
Policymarkers, in: Climate Change 2007. Solomon, S. D., Qin, M.,
Manning, Z., Chen, M., Marquis, K. B., Averyt, M., Tignor & H. L.,
Miller (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-18. https://www.ipcc.ch/
site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-spm-1.pdf
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2013). Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of working group
I to the Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
and New York, NY, 1535 pp. http://www.climatechange2013.
org/report/
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2014). Impacts, Adaptation,
and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects.
Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea,
M. D., Bilir, T. E., … & White, L. L. (Eds). Climate change 2014:
contribution of working group II to the Fifth assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University
Press. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2021). Summary for Policymakers.
In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.
Masson-Delmotte, V. P., Zhai, A., Pirani, S. L., Connors, C., Péan, S.,
Berger, N., Caud, Y., Chen, L., Goldfarb, M. I., Gomis, M., Huang,
K., Leitzell, E., Lonnoy, J. B. R., Matthews, T. K., Maycock, T., Waterfield,
O., Yelekçi, R., Yu, & Zhou, B. (Eds.). Contribution of working
group I to the Sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental
panel on climate change, In Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/
ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf
- Janbazghobadi, Gh. (2019). Investigation of forest fire hazard areas
in Golestan province based on fire risk system index (Frsi) using
the technique (Gis). Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental
Hazards, 6(3), 89-102. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.
aspx?ID=755557
- Kaffashi, S., Shamsudin, M. N., Radam, A., Rahim, K. A., & Yacob, M.
R. (2013). We are willing to pay to support wetland conservation:
local users’ perspective. International Journal of Sustainable
Development & World Ecology, 20, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.
1080/13504509.2013.800612
- Karamooz, M., & Araghy nejad, S. (2005). Advanced hydrology. Amirkabir
Technology University Press, Tehran.
- Karimi, M., Ghanbari, A., & Amiri, S. H. (2013). Assessing the risk
of urban settlements from the phenomenon of land subsidence
case study: district 18 of Tehran. Scientific-research journal of
spatial planning (geography), 3(1), 37-56. https://www.sid.ir/
fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=212575
- Kawamura, K., Parrenin, K., Lisiecki, L., Uemura, R., Vimeux, F., Severinghaus,
J. P., Hutterli, M. A., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Jouzel, J.,
Raymo, M. E., Matsumoto, K., Nakata, H., Motoyama, H., Fujita,
S., Goto-Azuma, K., Fujii, Y., & Watanabe, O. (2007). Northern
hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past
360,000 years. Nature, 448, 912–916. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature06015
- Kordjezi, M., Bagherian, S., Babaeian, E., & Kamali, A. M. (2014, Februrary
23-24). Investigation of the effects of climate change on
torrential rains in Gulistan province. [Conference presentation].
Fifth International Conference on Integrated Natural Disaster
Management, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/252310
- Kouzy, R., Jaoude, J. A., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M. B., Karam, B., Adib,
E., Zarka, J., Traboulsi, C., Aki, E. W., & Baddour, K. (2020). Coronavirus
goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation
epidemic on Twitter. Cureus, 12(3), e7255. https://doi.10.7759/
cureus.7255
- Kunkel, K. E. (2003). North American trends in extreme
precipitation. Natural Hazards, 29, 291–305. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1023694115864
- Kunz, M., Mühr, B., Kunz-Plapp, T., Daniell, J. E., Khazai, B., Wenzel,
F., Vannieuwenhuyse, M., Comes, T., Elmer, T., Schröter, K., Fohringer,
J., Münzberg, T., Lucas, C., & Zschau, J. (2013). Investigation
of superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach.
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 2579–2598. https://
doi:10.5194/nhess-13-2579-2013
- Ledwith, T. (2015). Crisis in the horn of Africa: rethinking the humanitarian
response. At UNICEF-FAO seminar in Nairobi, experts
and practitioners seek long-term solutions. https://reliefweb.
int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_2581.pdf
- Lenssen, N. J. L., Schmidt, G. A., Hansen, J. E., Menne, M. J., Persin, A.,
Ruedy, R., & Zyss, D. (2019). Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty
model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere,
124(12), 6307-6326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029522
- Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: what is causing the
looming crisis?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences,
4(4), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-014-0182-z
- Mansouri Daneshvar, M. R., Ebrahimi, M., & Nejadsoleymani, H.
(2019). An overview of climate change in Iran: facts and statistics.
Environmental Systems Research, 8(7), 1-10. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s40068-019-0135-3
- Mearns, K., Whitaker, S. M., & Flin, R. (2003). Safety climate, safety
management practice and safety performance in offshore environments.
Safety Science, 41, 641-680. https://doi.10.1016/
S0925-7535(02)00011-5
- Modarres, R., Sarhadi, A., & Burn, D. H. (2016). Changes of extreme
drought and flood events in Iran. Global and Planetary Change Journal,
144, 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.008
- Mohammadi, H., & Yolmeh, I. (2014). Statistical and synoptic analysis
of forest fires in Golestan province (case study: 16 December
2005 and 9 Mart 2006). Journal of Climate Research, 8(31-32),
63-80. https://clima.irimo.ir/article_14955.html?lang=en
- Mohebbi, F., Dadash pour, B., & Mohebbi Rad, H. (2020). Exploring
the causes and consequence of Lake Urmia environmental disaster.
Ecology of Water Resources Journal, 4(1), 49-61. https://
ewrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_122379.html?lang=en
- Molle, F., Hoogesteger, J., & Mamanpoush, A. (2008). Macro- and
micro-level impacts of droughts: the case of the Zayandeh Rud
river basin, Iran. Irrigation and Drainage, 57(2), 219-227. https://
doi.org/10.1002/ird.357
- Morabbi, M. (2011, 22-25 November). Risk warning and crisis management
for dust storm effects on western border of Iran. [Conference
presentation]. United Nations International Conference
on Space-Based Technologies for Disaster Risk Management.
Beijing, China. https://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/
Session3_Risk_Warning_and_Crisis_Management_for_Dust_
Storm_Effects_on_Western_border_of_Iran.pdf
- Motazeriun, M., & Aslani, F. (2019). Evaluation of land subsidence
using GIS technique (case study: Tehran and Alborz provinces).
Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge (DPMK) Quarterly,
9(1), 35-47. http://dpmk.ir/article-1-238-fa.html
- Mousavi, A., Ardalan, A., Takian, A. Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Naddafi, K.,
& Massah Bavani, A. (2020). Climate change and health in Iran:
a narrative review. Journal of Environmental Health Science and
Engineering, 18, 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-
00462-3
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (2022). NASA’s goddard
institute for space studies (GISS). https://climate.nasa.gov/
vital-signs/global-temperature/
National Climate Change Office of Iran, (2014). Third national communication
to UNFCCC. http://clima te-chang e.ir. https ://unfcc
c.int/sites /defau lt/files /resou rce/Third Natio nalco mmuni
catio nIRAN .pdf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (2006). Service
assessment hurricane Katrina August 23-31, 2005. Johnson, D.
L., Brigadier General, USAF, Department of Commerce, United
States of America. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/
assessments/Katrina.pdf
- National Report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, (2005). National report
of the Islamic Republic of Iran on disaster reduction. World Conference
on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. https://www.
unisdr.org/2005/mdgs-drr/national-reports/Iran-report.pdf
- Nikouei, A., Zibaei, M., & Ward, F. A. (2012). Incentives to adopt irrigation
water saving measures for wetlands preservation: An
integrated basin scale analysis. Journal of Hydrology, (464-465),
216- 232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.013
- Panahi, H., & Esmaeel Darjani, N. (2020). Effects of global warming
and climate changes on economic growth (case study:
Iran provinces during 2002-2012). Journal of Environmental
Seience and Technology, 22(1), 79-88. https://doi.10.22034/
JEST.2020.22073.3114
- Parhizkari, A., Mozaffari, M. M., Hoseini Khodadadi, M., & Parhizkari,
R. (2016). Study of effectiven factors on farmers’ participation of
Shahroud river basin (Qazvin province) in use of soil and water
conservation practices using of multinomial logit model. Journal
of Watershed Management Research, 7, 241-253. https://
doi.10.18869/acadpub.jwmr.7.13.253
- Parvazi, M. )2017(. Studying the draughts in Kerman using four indices,
namely TOPSIS, SPI, PNPI and Z. Journal of Geographical
Sciences (Applied Geography), 14(29), 117-131. doi:1069.
http://geographic.sinaweb.net/article_669666.html
- Pausas, J. G., Llovet, J., Rodrigo, A., & Vallejo, R. (2008). Are wildfires
a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? – A review. International
Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 713–723. https://doi.10.1071/
WF07151
- Peyravi, M., Peyvandi, A. A., & Marzaleh, M. A. (2019). Donations in
the great flood of Iran, 2019: strengths and challenges. Iranian
Red Crescent Medical Journal 21(5), e92904. https://www.sid.ir/
en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=686607
- Pfahl, S., O’Gorman, P. A., & Fischer, E. M. (2017). Understanding
the regional pattern of projected future changes in extreme
precipitation. Nature Climate Change, 7(6), 423–7. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nclimate3287
- Post Disaster Needs Assessment, (2019). Iran 2019 floods in Lorestan,
Khuzestan and Golestan provinces. https://reliefweb.int/report/
iran-islamic-republic/post-disaster-needs-assessment-pdna-
iran-2019-floods-lorestan-khuzestan
- Pounds, J. A., & Puschendorf, R. (2004). Ecology-clouded futures. Nature,
427. https://doi.10.1038/427107a
- Primavera, J. H., de la Cruz, M., Montilijao, C., Consunji, H., de la
Paz, M., Rollon, R. N., Maranan, K., Samson, M. S., & Blanco,
A. (2016). Preliminary assessment of post-Haiyan mangrove
damage and short-term recovery in Eastern Samar, Central Philippines.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109(2), 744-750. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.050
- Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., & Torres, O. (2002). Environmental characterization
of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified
with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
absorbing aerosol product. Reviews of Geophysics, 40(1), 2-1,2-
31. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000095
- Rahimi, D., & Mohammadi, Z. (2017). Assessing the hydrological
drought of Zayande rood basin. Geographical Planning of Space
Quartery Journal, 7(25), 221-234. http://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_
54251.html
- Rahnama, H., & Mirasi, S. (2014, Februray 23-24). Groundwater level
crisis management and the risk of land subsidence in the
plains of Iran. [Conference presentation]. Fifth International
Conference on Comprehensive Natural Disaster Management,
(INDM2014), Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/252296/
- Razmi, R., Balyani, S., & Daneshvar, M. R. (2017). Geo-statistical modeling
of mean annual rainfall over the Iran using ECMWF database.
Spatial Information Research, 25, 219–227. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s41324-017-0097-3
- Rezayan, A., Pourezzat, A., & Hafeznia, M. R. (2017). Future studies
of military- security threats caused by climate change in Iran,
csing the future wheel method. Quartery Journal Defensive Future
Study, 2(4), 141-166. http://www.dfsr.ir/article_30717.html
- Samadi, S. Z., Mahdavi, M., & Sharifi, F. (2009). Methodology for selecting
the best predictor for climate change impact assessment in
Karkheh basin, Iranian Journal of Environmental Engineering Science,
51, 249–256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21117416/
- Schmidt, S. (2020). CO2 is trending: see the latest atmospheric concentrations
data on Twitter. CSIROscope 28 February. https://
blog.csiro.au/co2-data-twitter/
- Seddighi, H., & Seddighi, S. (2020). How much the Iranian government
spent on disasters in the last 100 years? A critical policy
analysis. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 18(46). https://
doi.org/10.1186/s12962-020-00242-8
- Shaikh Bailkloo Islam, B. (2021). Evidence and consequence of the
flood in Iran from prehistory to the present. Water and Soil Management
and Modelling, 1(1), 24-40. https://doi.10.22098/
MMWS.2021.1173
- Sheaikh Biakloo Islam, B. (2018, June 3). The impact of climate
change and drought on the human societies of Iran from the
Neolithic to the present. [Conference presentation]. 13th Geographical
Congress of Iran. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/325905179_tathyrat_tghyyr_aqlym_w_khshksaly_
br_jwam_ansany_ayran_az_nwsngy_ta_knwn
- Shemshaki, A., & Entezam Soltani, E. (2006, Februray 23-25). Mechanism
of causes of landslides in Moin Abad-Varamin region,
[Conference presentation]. Fourth Iranian Conference on Engineering
Geology and Environment, Tehran. https://civilica.com/
doc/4460
- Sodoudi, S., Noorian, A., Geb, M., & Reimer, E. (2010). Daily precipitation
forecast of ECMWF verified over Iran. Theoretical
and Applied Climatology, 99, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00704-009-0118-9
- Special Committee on National Flood Report, (2019). Narration of
the 2019 floods of Iran. https://nfr.ut.ac.ir/file/download/page/
1580717800-the-2019-iran-floods-narrative.pdf
- Stern, N., Peters, S., Bakhshi, V., Bowen, A., Cameron, C., Catovsky,
S., Crane, D., Cruickshank, S., Dietz, S., Edmonson, N., Garbett,
S. L., Hamid, L., Hoffman, G., Ingram, D., Jones, B., Patmore, N.,
Radcliffe, H., Sathiyarajah, R., Stock, M., Taylor, C., Vernon, T.,
Wanjie, H., & Zenghelis, D. (2006). Stern review: the economics
of climate change. HM Treasury, London.
- Takagi, H., & Esteban, M. (2016). Statistics of tropical cyclone landfalls
in the Philippines: unusual characteristics of 2013 Typhoon
Haiyan. Natural Hazards, 80(1), 211–222. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11069-015-1965-6
- Takagi, H., Esteban, M., Shibayama, T., Mikami, T., Matsumaru, R.,
De Leon, M., Thao, N. D., Oyama, T., & Nakamura, R. (2017). Track
analysis, simulation, and field survey of the 2013 Typhoon
Haiyan storm surge. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 10(1),
42-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12136
- Tourani, M., Atabay, M., & Roustaei, M. A. (2018). Study of subsidence
in the west of Golestan province using radar interferometry
method. Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly Journal, Golestan
University, 8(27), 117-128. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/
ViewPaper.aspx?ID=691693
- Tourani, M., Caglayan, A., Saber, R., & Isik, V. (2020, November 20-
22). Determintion of land subsidence in Gorgan plain with InSAR
method (Golestan, NE Iran). [Conference presentation]. Geoscience
for Society, Education and Environment, Chapter: 3.11,
- Publisher: Romanian Society of Applied Geophysics (SGAR). https://
appliedgeophysics.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/3.11.
GEOSCIENCE_FOR_ENVIRONMENT_Tourani-et-al.pdf
- Tourani, M., Caglayan, A., Saber, R., & Isik, V. (2020, November 20-
22). Example of the biggest flood disaster in Iranian history:
Golestan province (NE Iran). [Conference presentation]. Geoscience
for Society, Education and Environment, Chapter: 1.2,
Publisher: Romanian Society of Applied Geophysics (SGAR).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344546807_Example_
of_the_Biggest_Flood_Disaster_in_Iranian_History_Golestan_
Province_NE_Iran
- Türkeş, M. (2008). İklim değişikliğiyle savaşım, Kyoto protokolu ve
Turkiye (Mitigation of climate change, the Kyoto Protocol and
Turkey). Mulkiye, 259, 101-131. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/
mulkiye/issue/259/746
- Türkeş, M. (2022). İklim diplomasisi ve iklim değişikliğinin ekonomi
politiği. Bilim ve Ütopya, 332, 31-45. https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/358351409_Iklim_Diplomasisi_ve_Iklim_Degisikliginin_
Ekonomi_Politigi
- Türkeş, M., Sümer, U. M., & Çetiner, G. (2000, 13 Nisan). Küresel iklim
değişkliği ve olası etkileri. [Conference presentation]. Çevre
Bakanlığı, Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi
Seminar Notları, 7-24, ÇKÖK Gn. Md., Ankara. https://www.
mgm.gov.tr/FILES/genel/makale/1_iklimetkileri.pdf
- Tyagi, A., Bandyopadhyay, B. K., Mohapatra, M., Goel, S., Kumar,
N., Khole, M., & Mazumdar, A. B. (2011). A report on the super
cyclonic storm “GONU” during 1-7 June, 2007. Cyclone Warning
Division No. 08/2011, Office of the Director General of Meteorology
India Meteorological Department New Dehlhi. https://
rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/gonu.pdf
- Unaited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (2017).
Islamic Republic of Iran third national communication to UNFCCC.
Department of Environment, National Climate Change
Office, No. 152, Environmental Research Center. https://unfccc.
int/sites/default/files/resource/Third%20National%20communication%
20IRAN.pdf
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (2007).
Climate change: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaption in developing
countries. 68 p., https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/
climate-change-impacts-vulnerability-and-adaptation-developing-
countries
- United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, (2020). Human
cost of disaster: an overview of the last 20 years 2000-2019.
Report. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of disasters
(CRED). UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://reliefweb.
int/report/world/human-cost-disasters-overview-last-20-years-
2000-2019
- Vaghefi, S. A., Keykhai, M., Jahanbakhshi, F., Sheikholeslami, J.,
Ahmadi, A., Yang, H., & Abbaspour K. C. (2019). The future of
extreme climate in Iran. Scientific Reports, 9, 1464. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-018-38071-8
- Velayatzadeh, M. (2020). Introducing the causes, origins and effects
of dust in Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health, 5(1), 63-70.
https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v5i1.2860
- Wallemacq, P. (2018). Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998–
2017. CRED: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
https://doi.10.13140/RG.2.2.35610.08643
- Washington, R. M., Tood, N. J., Middleton &, Goudie, A. S. (2000).
Global dust storm source areas determined by total ozone monitoring
spectrometer and ground observations. School of Geography
and the Environment, University of Oxford, 297-313.
- Wei, K., Ouyang, C., Duan, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Ma, J., An, H., & Zhou,
S. (2020). Reflections on the catastrophic 2020 Yangtze river
basin flooding in Southern China. Innovation, 1(2), 100038. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100038
- World Health Organization, (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-
19). situation report, 51. World Health Organization. https://
apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331475
- World Meteorological Organization, (2019). WMO statement on the
state of the global climate in 2018. Geneva. https://library.wmo.
int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5789
- World Weather Attribution, (2021). Heavy rainfall which led to severe
flooding in Western Europe made more likely by climate
change. https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/heavy-rainfall-
which-led-to-severe-flooding-in-western-europe-made-morelikely-
by-climate-change/
- Yin, J. (2013, December 10-14). Hurricane Sandy 2012 and impact
of changing climate on tropical cyclones. [Conference presentation].
The Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering.
Chennai, India. https://doi:10.3850/978-981-07-8012-8 212
- Yoosef Doost, A., Yoosef Doost, I., Asghari, H., & Sadeghian, M. S.
(2018). Comparison of HadCM3, CSIRO Mk3 and GFDL CM2.1
in Prediction the Climate Change in Taleghan River Basin. American
Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 6(3), 93-100.
https://doi.10.12691/ajcea-6-3-1
- Yousefi, A., & Jalilvand, H. (2010, May 5). Investigation of fire situation
in forest and rangeland areas of Mazandaran province (general
department of resources natural Sari) from 1994 to 2007.
[Conference presentation]. Second International Conference on
Climate Change and Tree Chronology in Caspian Ecosystems,
Sari.