Çocuğa Yönelik Cinsel İstismar Deneyiminin Mikro Ve Mezzo Sistemler Açısından İncelenmesi

Bu araştırmanın amacı cinsel istismar yaşantısının çocuk, genç ve annede yarattığı duygular, çocuk ve aile üzerindeki etkileri, cinsel istismar olayı karşısında mikro sistemin tutumunu, mezzo sistemin niteliklerini incelemektir. Çocuğun mikro sistemle etkileşimi hem cinsel istismarın gerçekleşmesinde risk etmenleri barındırdığı için, hem de istismar sürecinin çocuk ve ebeveynler üzerindeki etkileri açısından önemlidir. Nitel yöntemle yapılan bu araştırmada veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Görüşme formu 18 yaş ve altındaki 6 çocuğa, 18 yaş üzerindeki 4 gence ve 11 anneye uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, cinsel istismar yaşantısı çocuklar ve anneler üzerinde daha çok korku/kaygı, suçluluk, güvensizlik, utanç duyguları yaratmaktadır. Çocuğun yaşamına getirdikleri arasında cinselleştirilmiş davranışlar, özkıyım, becerilerde gerileme, gebelik/obezite, ruhsal bozukluklar görülmektedir. Bazı annelerde ruhsal bozukluk görüldüğü, sosyal dışlanma gibi olumsuz deneyimler yaşandığı gibi, zor koşulları birlikte göğüslemenin aile üyeleri arasında dayanışma, güçlenme gibi olumlu sonuçlara yol açtığı gözlemlenmektedir. Mikro sistemde çocuğa ve aileye sosyal destek sağlama gibi olumlu tutumlar görülmektedir. Çocuğa inanmama, tepkisiz kalma, çocuğu istismarcısıyla evlendirerek “namus temizleme” gibi algılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Mikro sistemdeki bireylerin etkileşimi aynı zamanda mezzo sistemin olumlu ve olumsuz niteliklerini ifade etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Cinsel istismar, mikro sistem, mezzo sistem

Investigatıon of Sexual Abuse Experience in Children with Micro and Mezzo Systems

The aim of this study is to examine the emotional effects of sexual abuse on the child, the teenager and mother, the effects of it on the child and family, the attitude of the micro system against sexual abuse, and the characteristics of the mezzo system. The interaction of the child with the micro system is important both because it involves risk factors in the realization of sexual abuse and because of the the effects of the abuse process on children and parents. In this research conducted by qualitative method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with semi-structured interview form. It was applied to 6 children aged 18 or under, 4 young people over 18 and 11 mothers. According to the findings, the experience of sexual abuse creates fear / anxiety, guilt, insecurity and shame on children and mothers. Sexualized behaviours, suicidal behaviour, decline in skills, pregnancy / obesity and mental disorders are observed in the life of the child. Sexual abuse can lead to positive results such as solidarity and empowerment in family life. Negative results such as mental disorders and social exclusion are also observed. Positive attitudes are observed such as providing social support to children and families in mezzo system. Disbelief to the child, unresponsiveness, by making the child marry to the abuser, perceptions such as “cleaning honour” have emerged. The interaction of individuals in the micro system also expresses the positive and negative qualities of the mezzo system.

Keywords:

Sexual abuse, micro system, mezzo system,

PDF

___

Andreae, D. (2011). General systems theory: Contributions to social work theory and practice. Social Work Treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches, 242-254.
Bagley, C., Wood, M. and Young, L. (1994). Victim to abuser: Mental health and behavioral sequels of child sexual abuse in a community survey of young adult males. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(8), 683-697.
Belsky J, Straton P. An ecological analysis of the etiology of child maltreatment. In Browne K, Hanks H, Stratton P, Hamilton C. (Eds.), Early prediction and prevention of child abuse. A Handbook, England: John Wiley and Sons. 2000.
Cohen, J. A. and Mannarino, A. P. (1996). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1402-1410.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Deblinger, E., Steer, R. and Lippman, J. (1999). Two year follow up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23(12), 1371–1378.
Drum, R. D., Pittman, S. and Perry, S. (2004). Social work interventions in refugee camps. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(2), 67-92.
Elliott, A. N. and Carnes, C. N. (2001). Reactions of nonoffending parents to the sexual abuse of their child: A review of the literatüre. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 314-331.
Finkelhor, D. and Browne, A. (1985). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530-541.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. and Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14(1), 19-28.
Friedrich, J., Fisher, C., Dittner, R., Acton, L. B. and Butler, J. (2001). Child sexual behavior inventory: Normative, psychiatric, and sexual abuse comparisons. Child Maltreatment 6(1), 37–49.
Garbarino J, Kostelny K. Child maltreatment as a community problem. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1992; 16(4), 455-464.
Hornor, G. (2010). Child sexual abuse: Consequences and implications. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(6), 358-364.
Joshi PT, Daniolos PT, Salpekar JA. (2010) Child abuse and neglect In: Dulcan MK, (ed). Dulcan's textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. First ed. Arlington American Psychiatric Publish,479-494.
Manion, I. G., McIntyre, J., Firestone, P., Ligezinska, M., Ensom, R. and Wells, G. (1996). Secondary traumatization in parents following the disclosure of extrafamilial child sexual abuse: Initial effects. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(11), 1095-1109.
Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Oates, R. K., Tebbutt, J., Swanston, H., Lynch, D. L. and O’Toole, B. I. (1998). Prior childhood sexual abuse in mothers of sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(11), 1113-1118.
Paslı, F. (2017). Cinsel istismara uğrayan çocukların ekolojik sistem yaklaşımı açısından incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2):39-53.
Polat, O. (2007). Tüm boyutlarıyla çocuk istismarı. Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Putnam, F. (2003). Ten year research update review: child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 269-278.
Stern, A. E., Lynch, D. L., Oates, R. K., O'Toole, B. I. and Cooney, G. (1995). Self esteem, depression, behaviour and family functioning in sexually abused children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(6), 1077-1089.
Spencer N, Devereux E, Wallace A, Sundrum R, Shenoy M, Bacchus C. Logan S. Disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect: a population-based study. Pediatrics, 2005; 116(3), 609-613.
Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accomodation syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7(2), 177-193.
Teater, B. (2014). An introduction to applying social work theories and methods. Ed. Karatay, A., 2nd Edition, UK: McGraw-Hill Education Open University Press.
Veenema, T. G., Thornton, C. P. and Corley, A. (2015). The public health crisis of child sexual abuse in low and middle income countries: An integrative review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(4), 864-881.
Yolcuoğlu, İ. (2014). Bireylerle, Ailelerle, Gruplarla ve Toplumla Sosyal Hizmet. İstanbul, Nar Yayınevi.
Zastrow, C. (2013). Sosyal Hizmete Giriş.1. Baskı, Ankara, Nika Yayınevi.