Koşucularda Topuk Ağrısının Yaygın Sebebi Plantar Fasiit: Etyolojisi, Değerlendirilmesi ve Tedavisine İlişkin Litaratür Derlemesi
ÖZ
Ülkemizin demografik ve sosyoekonomik durumu, gelişmekte olan bir ülke bazında incelendiğinde, günümüz insanının vaktinin çoğunluğu dışarıda geçmektedir. Gerek yürüyerek, gerekse ayakta durarak ayaklara durmaksızın yük binmektedir. Bu durumun rahatlatıcı ya da daha da kötüye gitmesini sağlayan en önemli faktörler ise yürüyüş tarzı, ayakkabılar, pes planus, pes cavus, ayak bileğinin sınırlı dorsifleksiyonu, aşırı eversiyon veya aşırı inversiyon gibi anatomik ve fizyolojik faktörlerdir. Ayak plantar yüzeyinin dermise en yakın bölümünde bulunan aponeurosis plantaris ayağa iletilen yükün önemli bir bölümünü karşılar. Aponeurosis plantaris, ayak plantar yüzeyinde, 4 tabaka kas yapısının en yüzeyelinde bulunan ve calcaneus ile phalanx’lar arasında uzanan bir yapıdır. Deri yüzeyine en yakın yapı olması sebebiyle birincil görevi daha derininde bulunan yapıları korumak gibi görünse de birçok önemli nörovasküler yapı ve kaslar ile olan komşuluğu, bahsedilen yapının topografik anatomisinin önemini göstermektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, bu yapının en önemli ve en sık görülen patolojisi olan plantar fasiit’in etiyolojik faktörleri, ilgili patolojileri, fizyoterapi, çeşitli enjeksiyonlar, ekstrakorporeal şok dalgası tedavisi ve ortezler gibi konservatif ve cerrahi tedavi yöntemlerinin incelenmesidir.
Plantar Fasciitis, a Common Cause of Heel Pain in Runners: Literature Review on Etiology, Evaluation and Treatment
When the demographic and socioeconomic situation of our country is analyzed on the basis of a developing country, today's people spend most of their time outside. The feet are constantly burdened by walking and standing. The most important factor that relieves or worsens this situation is undoubtedly anatomical and physiological factors such as gait style, shoes, pes planus, pes cavus, limited dorsiflexion of the ankle, excessive eversion or excessive inversion. It is the aponeurosis plantaris, which covers a significant part of the load transmitted to the foot and is located in the part of the foot plantar surface closest to the dermis. This structure is located on the plantar surface of the foot, the most superficial of the 4 layers of musculature, and lies between the calcaneus and the phalanx. Although its primary task seems to be to protect the structures located deeper, since it is the closest structure to the skin surface, its proximity to many important neurovascular structures and muscles shows the importance of the topographic anatomy of the mentioned structure. The aim of our study is to examine the etiological factors, related pathologies, conservative and surgical treatment methods such as physiotherapy, various injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy and orthoses of plantar fasciitis, which is the most important and most common pathology of this structure.
___
- Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy-The
Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41th
ed. Standring S, editor: Elsevier; 2015 25th
September. 1419-1439p.
- Kelikian AS. Sarrafian’s anatomy of the
foot and ankle: Descriptive, topographic,
functional: 3rd ed. 2012. 1-736 p.
- Shahid S, Ghosh S, Chakraborty AS,
Maiti S, Sadhukhan S, Koley M, Saha S.
Efficacy of Individualized Homeopathic
Medicines in Plantar Fasciitis: Doubleblind,
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled
Clinical Trial. Homeopathy. 2022
Feb;111(1):22-30. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-
1731383
- Khurana A, Dhankhar V, Goel N, Gupta
R, Goyal A. Comparison of midterm results
of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) versus
Steroid for plantar fasciitis: A randomized
control trial of 118 patients. J Clin Orthop
Trauma. 2021;13:9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.
jcot.2020.09.002
- Maslieurat-Lagémard. De l’anatomie
descriptive and chirurgicale des
aponevroses et des synoviales du pied:
de leur appliction à la therapeutique ve à
la médecine operatoire. Gaz Med Paris.
1840;274.
- Henkel A. Die Aponeurosis Plantaris.
Arch für Anat und Physio Anat Abt.
1913;113:113-123.
- Bojsen-Møller F, Flagstad KE. Plantar
aponeurosis and ve internal architecture of
the ball off the foot. J Anat. 1976;121:599.
- Crim JR, Manaster BJ, Rosenberg ZS.
Imaging Anatomy: Knee, Ankle, Foot
(Second Edition). Elsevier; 2017. p. 446-
67.
- Apaydin N. Lumbosacral Plexus.
Bergman’s Comprehensive Encyclopedia
of Human Anatomic Variation 2016. p.
1113-29. doi:10.1002/9781118430309
- Chen, D., Li, B., Aubeeluck, A., Yang,
Y., Huang, Y., Zhou, J., & Yu, G. (2014).
Anatomy and Biomechanical Properties of
the Plantar Aponeurosis: A Cadaveric Study.
PLoS ONE, 9(1), e84347. doi:10.1371/
journal.pone.0084347
- Arangio GA, Chen C, Kim W. Effect
of Cutting the Plantar Fascia on Mechanical
Properties of the Foot. 1997;339:227-31.
doi: 10.1097/00003086-199706000-00031
- Kelley LL, Petersen C. Sectional
Anatomy for Imaging Professionals-EBook:
Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
734p.
- Thomas, J. L., Christensen, J. C.,
Kravitz, S. R., Mendicino, R. W., Schuberth,
J. M., Vanore, J. V., … Baker, J. (2010).
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Heel Pain:
A Clinical Practice Guideline–Revision
2010. The Journal of Foot and Ankle
Surgery, 49(3), S1–S19. doi:10.1053/j.
jfas.2010.01.001
- Pearce CJ, Seow D, Lau BPJF,
International A. Correlation Between
Gastrocnemius Tightness and Heel Pain
Severity in Plantar Fasciitis. 2021;42(1):76-
82. doi: 10.1177/1071100720955144
- Balius R, Bossy M, Pedret C, Porcar
C, Valle X, Corominas H. Heel fat pad
syndrome beyond acute plantar fascitis.
Foot (Edinb). 2021;48:101829. doi:
10.1016/j.foot.2021.101829
- Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P,
Johnson RE. Risk factors for plantar
fasciitis: a matched case-control study. J
Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(5):872-877.
doi:10.2106/00004623-200305000-00015
- Hill CL, Gill TK, Menz HB, Taylor
AW. Prevalence and correlates of foot pain
in a population-based study: the North West
Adelaide health study. J Foot Ankle Res.
2008;1(1):2. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-1-2
- Riel H, Cotchett M, Delahunt E, et al. Is
‘plantar heel pain’ a more appropriate term
than ‘plantar fasciitis’? Time to move on.
Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(22):1576-1577.
doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097554
- Irving DB, Cook JL, Menz HB.
Factors associated with chronic plantar
heel pain: a systematic review. J Sci Med
Sport. 2006;9(1-2):11-22. doi:10.1016/j.
jsams.2005.03.009
- Pohl MB, Hamill J, Davis IS.
Biomechanical and anatomic factors
associated with a history of plantar
fasciitis in female runners. Clin J Sport
Med. 2009;19(5):372-376. doi:10.1097/
JSM.0b013e3181b8aeb7
- Buchanan BK, Kushner D. Plantar
Fasciitis. 2022 May 30. In: StatPearls
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 28613727.
- Landorf KB. Plantar heel pain and
plantar fasciitis. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015 Nov
25;2015:1111. PMID: 26609884; PMCID:
PMC4661045.
- Goff JD, Crawford R. Diagnosis and
treatment of plantar fasciitis. Am Fam
Physician. 2011 Sep 15;84(6):676-82.
PMID: 21916393
- Sever O, Ciğerci Ae, Ridvan K,
Baykal C, Kishali N, Ipekoğlu G, et al.
Koşu Biyomekaniği. Spor Eğitim Dergisi.
2021;5(1):71-96.
- Campillo-Recio D, Ibañez M, Martin-
Dominguez LA, Comas-Aguilar M,
Fernandez-Morales M, Alberti-Fito G.
Local Percutaneous Radiofrequency for
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. Arthrosc Tech.
2021;10(5):e1315-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.
eats.2021.01.031
- Choudhary R, Kunal K. Modifiable Risk
Factors of Plantar Fasciitis in Non-Athletic
Patients and Proposal of a New Objective
Assessment System - RKISP. Rev Bras
Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;56(3):368-71. doi:
10.1055/s-0040-1716762
- Bolton NR, Smith KE, Pilgram
TK, Mueller MJ, Bae KT. Computed
tomography to visualize and quantify the
plantar aponeurosis and flexor hallucis
longus tendon in the diabetic foot. Clin
Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2005;20(5):540-
6. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.12.007
- Garrett TR, Neibert PJ. The
effectiveness of a gastrocnemius-soleus
stretching program as a therapeutic
treatment of plantar fasciitis. J Sport
Rehabil. 2013 Nov;22(4):308-12. doi:
10.1123/jsr.22.4.308
- Lopes AD, Hespanhol Júnior LC,
Yeung SS, Costa LO. What are the main
running-related musculoskeletal injuries?
A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2012
Oct 1;42(10):891-905. doi: 10.1007/
BF03262301
- Shim DW, Sung SY, Chung WY, Kang
KY, Park SJ, Lee JW, et al. Superior pedal
function recovery of newly designed three
spike insole over total contact insole in
refractory plantar fasciitis: A randomized,
double-blinded, non-inferiority study. PloS
one. 2021;16(7):e0255064. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255064
- Reissig LF, Lang C, Schuh C, Weninger
WJ, Kaipel M. Effects and risks of
performing a single incision endoscopic
plantar fasciotomy - An anatomical study.
Foot Ankle Surg. 2022 Jul 1;28(5):663–6.
doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2021.08.004
- Maes R, Safar A, Ghistelinck B,
Labadens A, Hernigou J. Percutaneous
plantar fasciotomy: radiological evolution
of medial longitudinal arch and clinical
results after one year. Int Orthop. 2022
Apr;46(4):861-866. doi: 10.1007/s00264-
021-05186-z
- Kalia RB, Singh V, Chowdhury N,
Jain A, Singh SK, Das L. Role of Platelet
Rich Plasma in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis:
A Prospective Study. Indian J Orthop.
2021;55(Suppl 1):142-8. doi: 10.1007/
s43465-020-00261-w
- Lemont H, Ammirati KM, Usen N.
Plantar Fasciitis: A Degenerative Process
(Fasciosis) Without Inflammation. J Am
Podiatr Med Assoc. 2003;93(3):234-7. doi:
10.7547/87507315-93-3-234
- Kesikburun S, Uran Şan A, Kesikburun
B, Aras B, Yaşar E, Tan AK. Comparison
of Ultrasound-Guided Prolotherapy Versus
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the
Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A
Randomized Clinical Trial. J Foot Ankle
Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;61(1):48-52. doi:
10.1053/j.jfas.2021.06.007
- Wiegand K, Tandy R, Freedman
Silvernail J. Plantar fasciitis injury
status influences foot mechanics
during running. Clin Biomech (Bristol,
Avon). 2022;97:105712. doi: 10.1016/j.
clinbiomech.2022.105712
- Bağcıer F, Onaç O, Külcü D. A Rare
Cause of Ankle Pain: Plantar Fibromatosis.
Turk J Osteoporos. 2018;24:36-7.
- Taunton, J. E. (2002). A retrospective
case-control analysis of 2002 running
injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine,
36(2), 95–101. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.2.95
- Huffer, D., Hing, W., Newton, R., &
Clair, M. (2017). Strength training for
plantar fasciitis and the intrinsic foot
musculature: A systematic review. Physical
Therapy in Sport, 24, 44–52. doi:10.1016/j.
ptsp.2016.08.008