HOW DID THE MULTI-FIBER AGREEMENT AFFECT THE LEVEL OF SPECIALIZATION IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR OF THE COUNTRIES

This paper aims to reveal the effects of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA), which determines the course of the textiletrade and the global competition on countries' levels of specialization. In this perspective, we analyze the levels of specialization(competition) of the 10 countries whose exports were the highest in the sector before and after the complete abolition of quotas in acomparatively. In the analyses, we use the Index of Contribution to Trade Balance (ICBT), the Export-Import Ratio Index (EIRI) andthe Michaely Index (MI) to measure the progress of countries' level of specialization in the sector by years. All of these indicesindicate that the highest levels of specialization in the sector were Pakistan, India and Turkey before the end of the MFA. After 2005,when quotas were completely eliminated, China and Hong Kong increased their level of expertise in the sector and separatedpositively from other countries. In this context, China achieved a global competitive advantage in the sector, especially with highlevel of specialization.

ÇOK ELYAFLILAR ANLAŞMASI ÜLKELERİN TEKSTİL SEKTÖRÜNDEKİ UZMANLAŞMA DÜZEYİNİ NASIL ETKİLEMİŞTİR?

Bu çalışma, tekstil ticaretinin ve küresel rekabetin seyrini belirleyen Çok Elyaflılar Anlaşması’nın (MFA) ülkelerin uzmanlaşma düzeylerine etkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu perspektifte, kotaların tamamen kaldırılması öncesinde ve sonrasında sektörde ihracatı en yüksek olan 10 ülkenin uzmanlaşma (rekabet) düzeyleri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde ülkelerin sektördeki uzmanlaşma düzeylerinin yıllara göre seyrinin ölçülebilmesi amacıyla Ticaret Dengesine Katkı Endeksi (ICBT), İhracat-İthalat Oranı Endeksi (EIRI) ve Michaely Endeksi (MI) kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu endekslerin tamamı MFA’nın tamamen sona ermesinden önce sektörde uzmanlaşma düzeyi en yüksek ülkelerin Pakistan, Hindistan ve Türkiye olduğunu göstermektedir. Kotaların tamamen ortadan kaldırıldığı 2005 yılı sonrasında ise Çin ve Hong Kong sektördeki uzmanlaşma düzeylerini arttırarak diğer ülkelerden pozitif anlamda ayrışmıştır. Bu bağlamda, özellikle Çin yüksek düzeyde uzmanlaşmayla birlikte sektörde küresel rekabet avantajı sağlamıştır.

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