Serkan TEZEL, Yasemin KAVUŞTURAN, Guy A.e. VANDENBOSCH, Vladimir VOLSKİ

Influence of Knitting Structure and Metal Wire Amount on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Knitted Fabrics

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of knitting structure and metal wire amount on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of knitted fabrics comparatively. Single jersey, single pique, weft locknit, and cross miss fabrics involving stainless steel or copper wires were produced on a flat knitting machine. A free space measurement technique was used for the EMSE measurements in an anechoic chamber. The variance analysis results of the EMSE values reveal that the effect of knitting structure, metal wire type, metal wire amount, and incident wave frequency is highly significant. It was observed that fabrics with tuck and miss loop structures had higher EMSE values than single jersey fabrics. It was found that single pique fabrics had higher EMSE values than single jersey fabrics that contain twice as much metal wire. It indicates that changing the knitting structure is more effective than changing the metal wire amount.

Keywords:

Conductive Composite Yarn Knitted Fabric, Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness, Free Space Measurement Technique, Anechoic Chamber,

PDF

___

[1] World Health Organization - Electromagnetic Fields, What are the Electromagnetic Fields-, http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html (accessed 25 August 2021).
[2] Europian Comission SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks). Opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) - Publications Office of the EU, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a67fe808-06bb-11e6-b713-01aa75ed71a1/language-en (2015, accessed 25 August 2021).
[3] Phillips JL, Singh NP, Lai H. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology 2009; 16: 79–88.
[4] Kim JH, Lee JK, Kim HG, et al. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on central nerve system. Biomol Ther 2019; 27: 265–275.
[5] Das A, Kothari VK, Kothari A, et al. Effect of various parameters on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of textile fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009; 34: 144–148.
[6] Cheng KB, Lee ML, Ramakrishna S, et al. Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Stainless Steel/Polyester Woven Fabrics. Text Res J 2001; 71: 42–49.
[7] IEEE-STD 299-1997: IEEE Standard Method for Measuring the Effectiveness of Electromagnetic Shielding Enclosures. In: IEEE, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=708260 (1997, accessed 26 August 2021).
[8] ASTM D4935-10: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Materials. In: ASTM. 2010.
[9] TS EN 50147-1: Anechoic chambers - Part 1: Shield attenuation measurement. In: TSE. 2005.
[10] MIL-STD-285-1956: Method of Attenuation Measurement for Enclosures, Electromagnetic Shielding, for Electronic Test Purposes. In: MIL-STD. 1956.
[11] Tezel S, Kavuşturan Y, Vandenbosch GA, et al. Comparison of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Conductive Single Jersey Fabrics with Coaxial Transmission Line and Free Space Measurement Techniques. Text Res J 2014; 84: 461–476.
[12] Palamutçu S, Özek A, Karpuz C, et al. Electrically Conductive Surfaces and Their Electromagnetic Shielding Efficency Measurements. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon 2010; 20: 199–207.
[13] Çeken F, Kayacan Ö, Özkurt A, et al. The Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Some Conductive Knitted Fabrics Produced on Single or Double Needle Bed of a Flat Knitting Machine. J Text Inst 2012; 103: 968–979.
[14] Çeken F, Pamuk G, Kayacan O, et al. Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Plain Knitted Fabrics Containing Conductive Yarns. J Eng Fiber Fabr 2012; 7: 81–87.
[15] Kayacan Ö. The Effect of Washing Processes on The Electromagnetic Shielding of Knitted Fabrics. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon 2014; 24: 356–362.
[16] Ciesielska-Wróbel I, Grabowska K. Estimation of the EMR Shielding Effectiveness of Knit Structures. Fibres Text East Eur 2012; 20: 53–60.
[17] Özkan İ. Investigation on antimicrobial activity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of metal composite single jersey fabrics. J Eng Fiber Fabr 2019; 14: 155892501989598.
[18] Özkan İ. Investigation of the technical and physical properties of metal composite 1×1 rib knitted fabrics. Ind Textila 2020; 71: 41–49.
[19] Özkan İ. Investigation on The Electromagnetic Shielding Performance of Copper Plate and Copper Composite Fabrics: A Comparative Study. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon 2020; 30: 156–162.
[20] Mühl T, Obelenski B. Knitted and Warp-Knitted Fabrics Offering Electromagnetic Shielding. Melliand Textilberichte 2004; Melliand E: E88.
[21] Stegmaier T, Schmeer-Lioe G, Abele H, et al. Schielding Effect of Textiles Against Electromagnetic Waves - New High-Frequency Test Device. Tech Text 2008; 51: 128.
[22] Perumalraj R, Dasaradan BS. Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Core Yarn Knitted Fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009; 34: 149–154.
[23] Örtlek HG, Alpyildiz T, Kilic G. Determination of electromagnetic shielding performance of hybrid yarn knitted fabrics with anechoic chamber method. Text Res J 2013; 83: 90–99.
[24] Cheng KB. Production and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of the Knitted Stainless Steel/Polyester Fabrics. J Text Eng Text Mach Soc Japan 2000; 46: 42–52.
[25] Lin J-H, Lou C-W, Liu HH. Process and Anti-Electrostatic Properties of Knitted Fabrics Made from Hybrid Staple/Metallic-Core Spun Yarn. J Adv Mater 2007; 39: 11–16.
[26] Volski V, Vandenbosch GA. Full-wave electromagnetic modelling of fabrics and composites. Compos Sci Technol 2009; 69: 161–168.
[27] Soyaslan D, Göktepe Ö, Çömlekçi S. Determination of electromagnetic shielding performance of plain knitting and 1X1 rib structures with coaxial test fixture relating to ASTM D4935. J Text Inst 2010; 101: 890–897.
[28] Örtlek HG, Kılıç G, Okyay G, et al. Electromagnetic Shielding Characteristics of Different Fabrics Knitted From Yarns Containing Stainless Steel Wire. Ind Textila 2011; 62: 304–308.
[29] Örtlek HG, Güneşoğlu C, Okyay G, et al. Investigation of Electromagnetic Shielding and Comfort Properties of Single Jersey Fabrics Knitted From Hybrid Yarns Containing Metal Wire. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon 2012; 22: 90–101.
[30] Rajendrakumar K, Thilagavathi G. A Study on The Effect of Construction Parameters of Metallic Wire/Core Spun Yarn Based Knitted Fabrics on Electromagnetic Shielding. J Ind Text 2013; 42: 400–416.
[31] Lin J-H, Huang Y-T, Li T-T, et al. Manufacture technique and performance evaluation of electromagnetic shielding / far-infrared elastic warp-knitted composite fabrics. J Text Inst 2016; 107: 493–503.
[32] Turksoy HG, Bilgin S. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of spacer knitted hybrid fabrics. Ind Textila 2016; 67: 297–301.
[33] Bedeloglu A. Electrical, electromagnetic shielding, and some physical properties of hybrid yarn-based knitted fabrics. J Text Inst 2013; 104: 1247–1257.
[34] Eren S, Ulcay Y. Production of Bi-Component Polyester Fibres for EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) Protection and Examining EMR Shielding Characteristics. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon 2015; 25: 140–147.
[35] Celen R, Ulcay Y. Investigating electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of knitted fabrics made by barium titanate/polyester bicomponent yarn. J Eng Fiber Fabr 2019; 14: 1–9.
[36] Tunakova V, Tunak M, Bajzik V, et al. Hybrid knitted fabric for electromagnetic radiation shielding. J Eng Fiber Fabr 2020; 15: 1–9.
[37] Mohammadi Mofarah H, Shaikhzadeh Najar S, Mohammad Etrati S. Investigating the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper/cotton full Milano and 1 × 1 rib weft-knitted fabrics. J Text Inst 2019; 110: 891–900.
[38] Huang C-H, Lin J-H, Yang R-B, et al. Metal/PET Composite Knitted Fabrics and Composites: Structural Design and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness. J Electron Mater 2012; 41: 2267–2273.
[39] Yu Z-C, Zhang J-F, Lou C-W, et al. Determination of electromagnetic shielding and antibacterial propertiesof multifunctional warp-knitted fabrics. J Text Inst 2015; 106: 1203–1211.
[40] Cheng KB, Lee KC, Ueng TH, et al. Electrical and impact properties of the hybrid knitted inlaid fabric reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos PART A-APPLIED Sci Manuf 2002; 33: 1219–1226.
[41] Jagatheesan K, Ramasamy A, Das A, et al. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of carbon/stainless steel/polypropylene hybrid yarn-based knitted fabrics and their composites. J Text Inst 2018; 109: 1445–1457.
[42] Sancak E, Akalin M, Usta İ, et al. The Effects of Fabric and Conductive Wire Properties on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Surface Resistivity of Interlock Knitted Fabrics. Fibers Polym 2018; 19: 843–853.
[43] Palanisamy S, Tunakova V, Militky J. Fiber-based structures for electromagnetic shielding – comparison of different materials and textile structures. Text Res J 2018; 88: 1992–2012.
[44] Chiumento A. Modeling of Shielding Textiles. M.Sc. Thesis in Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, 2010.
[45] Håkansson E, Amiet A, Kaynak A. Dielectric Characterization of Conducting Textiles Using Free Space Transmission Measurements: Accuracy and Methods for Improvement. Synth Met 2007; 157: 1054–1063.
[46] Marvin AC, Dawson L, Flintoft ID, et al. A Method for the Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Samples Requiring No Sample Edge Preparation or Contact. IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat 2009; 51: 255–262.
[47] Volski V, Aerts W, Vasylchenko A, et al. Analysis of Composite Textiles Filled with Arbitrarily Oriented Conducting Fibres Using a Periodic Model for Crossed Strips. 11th Int Conf Math Methods Electromagn Theory 2006; 58–63.
[48] Tezel S, Kavuşturan Y, Vandenbosch GA. Effect of Spandex Yarn on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Double Jersey Knitted Fabrics. In: 14th National & 1st International Recent Developments, Textile Technology and Chemistry Symposium. Bursa, 2013, pp. 23–24&112–13.
[49] Smirfitt JA. Worsted 1x1 Rib Fabrics Part I Dimensional Properties. J Text Inst 1965; 56: 248–256.
[50] Munden DL. Dimensional Stability of Plain Knit Fabrics. J Text Inst 1960; 51: P200–P209.
[51] Volski V, Vandenbosch GA, Vasylchenko A. A Dedicated Technique to Measure Shielding Effectiveness of Textiles Using A Two Horn Antenna Set-Up. J Text Inst 2011; 102: 164–171.
[52] Wan C, Jiao Y, Li X, et al. Multi-dimensional and level-by-level assembly strategy for constructing flexible and sandwich-type nanoheterostructures for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nanoscale 2020; 12: 3308–3316.