Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Türkiye'de Tarım Sigortası Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılmasıi

Bu çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye'de uygulanan tarım sigortası sistemleri incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ülkeler karşısındaki konumunu tespit etmektir. Sigorta sistemleri geleneksel sigortalar (tek risk sigortası, adlandırılmış risk sigortası ve çoklu risk sigortaları) ve yenilikçi sigortalar (gelir, verim, tüm çiftlik ve indeks sigortaları) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Geleneksel sistemler daha çok özel sigorta şirketleri tarafından yönetilmekteyken, prim maliyetinin yüksek olması nedeniyle yenilikçi sigortalar devlet tarafından desteklenmektedir. Tarım sigortası prim hacmi bakımından ABD'den sonra Japonya, Kanada, İspanya ve Çin'in tarım sigortası sağlayan önemli ülkeler olduğu, Arjantin ve Brezilya'nın da tarım sigortası alanında gelişmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Dünyada ortalama olarak tarım sigortasına verilen prim desteği %50'dir. Türkiye'de tarımsal üretimlerini çeşitli risk faktörlerine karşı sigortalatan üreticilerin sigorta prim bedelinin %50'si devlet tarafından ödenmektedir. Ancak prim miktarının yükseldiği don ve kuraklık risklerinde üreticileri teşvik etmek amacıyla prim miktarına verilen destek yükselmektedir. Türkiye ile tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin uygulamaları kıyaslandığında Türkiye'de az sayıda üreticiyi etkileyen risklerin kapsam altına alındığı görülmektedir. Birçok üreticiyi etkileyen sistemik risklerin kapsama alınması ile ilgili çalışmalar ve uygulamalar ise son dönemde başlamıştır. Türkiye'nin son dönemlerde tarım sigortasını geliştirmek için attığı adımlar tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ülkeleri takip eder niteliktedir.

Comparison ofAgricultural Insurance Schemes in Developed Countries and Turkey

This study evaluates agricultural insurance schemes applied in the world and Turkey. The objective ofthe study is to determine the position ofTurkey among developed countries in the field ofagricultural insurance. Insurance schemes are divided into two as traditional insurance products (single peril insurance, named peril insurance and multiple peril insurances) and innovative insurance products (income insurance, yield insurance, whole farm insurance and index insurance). While traditional insurance systems are mostly managed by private insurance companies, innovative insurances are supported by the state because of the high premium cost. It is seen that Japan, Canada, Spain, and China are major countries in terms ofpremium volume of agricultural insurance after the US, and Argentina and Brazil are also developing countries in the field of agricultural insurance. The premium subsidy of agricultural insurance given to producers is 50% on average in the world. In Turkey, 50% of the insurance premiums are paid by the state for ensuring agricultural production against various risk factors. However, in order to encourage producers, the rates of premium support are increased for the risks of frost and drought, where the total premium amount increases. When the practices in developed and developing countries are compared with those in Turkey in the field of agricultural insurance, it is mostly seen that the risks affecting few producers are covered in Turkey. Efforts and implementations related to the inclusion of systemic risks affecting numerous producers into the existing system have recently begun. The steps taken by Turkey in recent years to improve agricultural insurance are in line with the agricultural insurance practices in the developed countries

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