Ahmet KORKMAZ, Aygül KARACA, Ferit KOCAÇINAR, Yakup CUCİ

Melatonin Uygulamalarının Üşüme Stresi Altındaki Biber Tohumlarının Çimlenme ve Çıkış Performansı Üzerine Etkisi

Melatonin bir hayvansal hormon olarak ilk olarak sığır beyin üstü bezinden yarım yüzyılı aşkın bir süre önce izole edilmiş ve daha sonra tek hücreliler, mantarlar, algler, hayvanlar ve bitkiler gibi evrimsel olarak birbirlerinden çok farklı organizmalarda varlığı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada dışarıdan yapılan melatonin uygulamaları ile biberde Capsicum annuum L. çimlenme sırasında üşüme stresine karşı toleransın arttırılması hedeflenmiştir. Biber tohumları 24 saat süreyle farklı konsantrasyonlarda 0, 1, 5, 10 ve 25 µM melatonin ile muamele edilmişler ve daha sonra bir gün kurutularak optimum 25 o C ve üşüme stresi 15 o C koşullarında çimlenme ve çıkış testlerine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Ekim öncesi tohum muamelesi şeklinde yapılan melatonin uygulamaları ile üşüme stresi koşulları altında biberin tohum çimlenmesi ve fide çıkış performansının olumlu yönde etkilenebileceği görülmüştür. En etkili melatonin konsantrasyonu olarak belirlenen 1 ve 5 µM melatonin uygulamaları sonucunda kontrol uygulamalarına kıyasla çimlenme ve çıkış yüzdeleri ile hızlarının arttığı saptanmıştır. Melatonin uygulamaları fidelerde H2 O2 ve MDA içeriğini düşürmüş, buna karşılık SOD ve CAT enzim aktivitelerini arttırmıştır. Bu araştırma sonuçlarına dayanarak, biber tohumlarının çimlenme ve fide çıkış performanslarının arttırılmasında antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinin seviyelerindeki artışın neden olduğu dokulardaki lipitlerin peroksidayonunda gerçekleşen bozulmanın azalması olduğu söylenebilir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Antioksidan enzimler, Capsicum annuum, Melatonin, Tohum uygulaması, Üşüme stresi

The Effects of Seed Treatment with Melatonin on Germination and Emergence Performance of Pepper Seeds under Chilling Stress

Melatonin was first isolated from bovine pineal gland more than half a century ago as an important animal hormone and since then it was proved to be present in almost all forms of life including eukaryotic unicells, prokaryotes, fungi, algae, animals and plants. In this study, the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with melatonin on germination and emergence performance of pepper seeds under chilling conditions were investigated. Seeds were immersed in 0 distilled water , 1, 5, 10 or 25 µM melatonin solutions for 24 hours after which they were dried for one day and subjected to germination and emergence tests at optimum 25 o C and chilling stress 15 o C conditions. Untreated dry seeds were used as a control. Exogenous melatonin treatment promoted pepper seed germination and emergence under chilling conditions. Treatment of seeds with melatonin especially in 1 or 5 µM concentrations significantly improved germination and emergence percentage whereas control seeds and seeds treated with water exhibited the lowest germination and emergence performance. Melatonin application also reduced the MDA and H2 O2 contents and elevated SOD and CAT enzyme activities. The improvement in germination and emergence performance of pepper under chilling stress conditions following melatonin treatment may therefore be due to reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes.

Keywords:

Antioxidant enzymes, Capsicum annuum, Chilling stress, Melatonin, Seed treatment,

___

Afreen F, Zobayed S M & Kozai T (2006). Melatonin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis: Response of plant roots to spectral quality of light and UV-B radiation. Journal of Pineal Research 41: 108-115
Arnao M B & Hernández-Ruiz J (2007). Melatonin promotes adventitious- and lateral root regeneration in etiolated hypocotyls of Lupinus albus L. Journal of Pineal Research 42: 147-152
Bewley J D, Bradford K J, Hilhorst H W M & Nonogaki H (2013). Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy, 3rd ed. Springer, New York
Bowler C, Montagu M & Inze D (1992). Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 43: 83-116
Bradford M M (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of the protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254
Chen G, Huo Y, Tan D X, Liang Z, Zhang W & Zhang Y (2003). Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Science 73: 19-26
Çakmak I & Horst W J (1991). Effect of aluminum on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum 83: 463-468
Dey S K, Dey J, Patra S & Pothal D (2007). Changes in the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in wheat seedlings exposed to cadmium and lead stress. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19: 53-60
Dubbels R, Reiter R J, Klenke E, Goebel A, Schnakenberg E, Ehlers C, Schiwara H W & Schloot W (1995). Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmuno assay and by high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry. Journal of Pineal Research 18: 28-31
Farooq M, Basra S M A, Ahmad N & Hafeez K (2005). Thermal Hardening: A new seed vigor enhancement tool in rice. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47: 187-193
Gill S S & Tuteja N (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48: 909-930
Hattori A, Migitata H, Iigo M, Itoh M, Yamamoto K, Ohtani-Kaneko R, Hara M, Suzuki T & Reiter R J (1995). Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 35: 627-634
Herzog V & Fahimi H (1973). Determination of the activity of peroxidase. Analytical Biochemistry 55: 554-562
Hodges D M, Andrews C J, Johnson D A & Hamilton R I (1997). Antioxidant enzyme responses to chilling stress in differentially sensitive inbred maize lines. Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 1105-1113
ISTA (2007). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) Basserdorf, Switzerland
Kang H M & Saltveit M E (2002). Effect of chilling on antioxidant enzymes and DPPH-radical scavenging activity of high- and low-vigour cucumber seedling radicles. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 1233-1238
Karaca A (2013). Dışarıdan yapılan melatonin uygulamaları ile biberde çimlenme sırasında üşüme stresine karşı toleransın arttırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış), Kahramanmaraş
Kolár J & Machácková I (1994). Melatonin: Does it regulate rhythmicity and photoperiodism also in higher plants? Flower Newsletter 17: 53-54
Kolár J & Machácková I (2005). Melatonin in higher plants: occurrence and possible functions. Journal of Pineal Research 39: 333-341
Kolár J, Johnson C H & Machácková I (1999). Presence and possible role of melatonin in a short-day flowering plant, Chenopodium rubrum. Advanced Experimental Medicinal Biology 460: 391-393
Korkmaz A & Korkmaz Y (2009). Promotion by 5-aminolevulinic acid of pepper seed germination and seedling emergence under low temperature stress. Scientia Horticulturae 119: 98-102
Korkmaz A, Değer Ö & Cuci Y (2014). Profiling the melatonin content in organs of the pepper plant during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae 172: 242-247
Lerner A B, Case J D, Takahashi Y, Lee T H & Mori W (1958). Isolation of melatonin, the pineal factor that lightness melanocytes. Journal of American Chemistry Society 80: 2587-2592
Li C, Wang P, Wei Z, Liang D, Liu C, Yin L, Jia D, Fu M & Ma F (2012). The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on salinity-induced stress in Malus hupehensis. Journal of Pineal Research 53: 298-306
Lorenz O A & Maynard D R (1988). Knott’s handbook for vegetable growers, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York
Okazaki M, Higuchi K, Aouini A & Ezura H (2010). Lowering intercellular melatonin levels by transgenic analysis of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase from rice in tomato plants. Journal of Pineal Research 49: 239- 247
Özden M, Demirel U & Kahraman A (2009). Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by HO. Scientia Horticulturae 119: 163-168 22
Paredes S D, Korkmaz A, Manchester L C, Tan D X & Reiter R J (2009). Phytomelatonin: A review. Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 57-69
Posmyk M M & Janas K M (2009). Melatonin in plants. Acta Physiologia Plantarum
Posmyk M M, Balabusta M, Wieczorek M, Sliwinska E & Janas K M (2009). Melatonin applied to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds improves germination during chilling stress. Journal of Pineal Research 46: 214-223
Reiter R, Tan D, Manchester L, Simopoulos A P, Maldonado M, Flores L & Terron M (2007a). Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 97: 211-230
Reiter R J, Tan D X, Terron M P, Flores L J & Czarnocki Z (2007b). Melatonin and its metabolites: New findings regarding their production and their radical scavenging actions. Acta Biochimica Polonica 54: 1-9
Sachs M, Cantliffe D J & Watkins J T (1980). Germination of pepper seed at low temperatures after various pretreatments. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 93: 258-260
Scandalios J G, Guan L & Polidoros A N (1997). Catalases in plants: Gene structure, properties, regulation and expression, In: J G Scandalios (Ed), Oxidative Stress and the Molecular Biology of Antioxidant Defenses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp. 343-406, NY
Seckin B, Turkan I, Sekmen A H & Ozfidan C (2010). The role of antioxidant defense systems at differential salt tolerance of Hordeum marinum Huds. (sea barleygrass) and Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivated barley). Environmental and Experimental Botany 69: 76-85
Tan D X, Chen L D, Poeggeler B, Manchester L C & Reiter R J (1993). Melatonin: A potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrinology Journal 1: 57-60
Tan D X, Manchester L C, Reiter R J, Plummer B F, Limson J, Weintraub S T & Qi W (2000). Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin bio-transformation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 29: 1177-1185
Tan D X, Hardeland R, Manchester L C, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S & Reiter R J (2012). Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science. Journal of Experimental Botany 63: 577-597
Tiryaki I & Keles H (2012). Reversal of the inhibitory effect of light and high temperature on germination of Phacelia tanacetifolia seeds by melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research 52: 332-339
Van Tassel D L, Li J & O’Neill S D (1993). Melatonin: Identification of a potential dark signal in plants. Plant Physiology 102(Supplement 1): 659
Wang P, Sun X, Li C, Wei Z, Liang D & Ma F (2013). Long-term exogenous application of melatonin delays drought-induced leaf senescence in apple. Journal of Pineal Research 54: 292-302
Watkins J T & Cantliffe D J (1983). Mechanical resistance of the seed coat and endosperm during germination of Capsicum annuum L. at low temperature. Plant Physiology 72: 146-150
Xu P L, Guo Y K, Bai J G, Shang L & Wang X J (2008). Effects of long-term chilling on ultrastructure and antioxidant activity in leaves of two cucumber cultivars under low light. Physiologia Plantarum 132: 467-478
Zhang J H, Huang W D, Liu Y P & Pan Q H (2005). Effects of temperature acclimation pretreatment on the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells in young grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu) under cross- temperature stresses. Journal of International Plant Biology 47: 959-970
Zhang N, Zhao B, Zhang H J, Weeda S, Yang C, Yang Z C, Ren S & Guo Y D (2013). Melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Pineal Research