Bu yazıda Marx’ın gençlik döneminde Bauer’in düşüncelerinden hareketle yazmış olduğu “Yahudi sorunu” adlı eser üzerinden sivil toplum ve politik toplum ilişkisi üzerinde durulacaktır. Ayrıca burada Bauer dışında Marx’ın sivil toplum ve politik toplum ile ilgili fikirlerini etkileyen diğer düşünürlere de (Hegel, Feuerbach vs.) yer yer değinilecektir. Sivil toplum ve politik toplum ayrışmasına tarihsel olarak değinilecektir. Marx’ın Yahudi sorunu adlı eserinden hareketle sivil toplum, yurttaşlık, dinin özgürleşmesi, politik özgürleşme, devlet gibi olguların bireylerin özgürleşmesindeki etkileri Yahudi örneği üzerinden makalede ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca günümüz kapitalist toplumunun oluşumunda Marx’ın eserinde söz ettiği Hıristiyanlık ve Yahudiliğin etkileri de ele alınacaktır. Bu değerlendirmeye geçilmeden önce konunun daha iyi anlaşılması için Marx’ın genel olarak diğer eserlerinde söz etmiş olduğu sivil toplum ve devlet ilişkisine makalede yer verilecektir. 

Today, debates and discourses developed over the concepts of civil society and political society are usually made through religious discourses or religious identities, and the individual emerges as a problem of emancipation. In his “Jewish Question”, which Marx wrote during his youthful period with Bauer’s thoughts, it is thought that the religious identities and rhetoric accompanied the present debate about the emergence of the emancipation of individuals in social and political contexts. It is thought that this problem, which emerged as the problem of individual liberation or citizenship, and which is regarded as a Jewish problem and emerged in different forms in different geographies, is the result of the fact that the religious identities can not be torn from the religious part of the world. Another reason for the lack of emancipation of the individual is the understanding of colonialism that is at the core of the capitalist system. In today’s society, it wants to keep up with the existence of religions or to keep up with the capitalist system and wants to influence the capitalist system with state policies by making itself active in the political arena. Judaism and Christianity in this context religion, the effects of the formation of capitalist society, will be discussed from the rhetoric of Marx and Bauer. The issue of the citizenship identity of the individual in this study will be addressed through the relationship between civil society and political society. There will also be mentioned here some other thinkers (Hegel, Feuerbach etc.) that affect Marx’s ideas about civil society and political society, besides Marx and Bauer. Civil society, citizenship, liberation of religion, political emancipation, the effects of emancipation of individuals such as the state will be handled through the Jewish example. Prior to this assessment, a better understanding of the subject will be addressed to the civil society and state relationship that Marx generally refers to in his other works..