HÜR SUBAYLAR DARBESİNDEN 1967 ARAP-İSRAİL SAVAŞINA: ORTA DOĞU'DA RADİKALLEŞME EĞİLİMİNİN YÜKSELİŞİ VE ÇÖKÜŞÜ

20. yüzyılın başı bölgede yükselen kültürel ve edebi rönesansın Arap entellektüelleri arasında Arap kimliğine dair kolektif bir bilinci ortaya çıkarmasıyla birlikte Orta Doğu Arab milliyetçiliği ve pan-Arabizmin ideolojik zaferine sahne olmuştur. Münferit Arap devletlerinin kimliklerinden ziyade Arab ulusu kimliği o dönemdeki Arap rejimlerinin siyasi söylemlerine şekil vermiştir. Bunun yanısıra, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası bölgede koloni karşıtı hareketlerin yükselişi ile ortaya çıkan siyasi konjonktür, Arap milletlerini tek bir devlet altında birleştirmeyi ve modernleşme ve merkezileştirmeye yönelik ekonomik programları hayata geçirmeyi hedefleyen askeri rejimlerin radikalleşme eğilimleri için zemin hazırlamıştır. Diğer yandan, 1967 Arap-İsrail savaşı Orta Doğu’da Arap siyasetinin yeniden şekillenmesinde belirleyici tarihsel bir dönüm noktası olmuştur, çünkü bu savaştan sonra Arap ülkeleri, katı bir ideolojik kontrolün ve otoriter politikaların yerini bir dizi sınırlı siyasi ve ekonomik açılımın ve İsrail’le müzakere ve anlaşmaların aldığı yeni bir döneme geçmiştir. Bu makale Arap milliyetçiliğinin doğuşu, yükselişi ve Orta Doğu’da hüküm süren rejimlerin radikalleşme eğiliminin ideolojik temellerini incelemektedir. Makaleye göre, Pan-Arabizm, Arap sosyalizmi ve emperyalizm karşıtlığı Mısır Cumhurbaşkanı Abdülnasır döneminde bir dizi siyasi gelişme ile birlikte ivme kazanmıştır. Diğer yandan, radikal rejimlerin nihai çöküşü Arap milliyetçiliği hareketine ölümcül bir darbe vuran 1967 savaşında Araplar’ın yenilgisi ile gerçekleşmiştir. 1967’yi takip eden süreçte, bu rejimler Arab milliyetçiliği hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek için yeterliliklerini ve isteklerini kaybetmişlerdir ve bu dönemde devlet milliyetçiliği öne çıkmıştır.Cite this article as: Erdoğan, Ayfer, “From the Free Officers Coup to the Arab-Israeli War of 1967: The Rise and Demise of the Radicalization Trend in The Middle East”, Turk J Hist, issue 69 (2019), p.169-194.

FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The early 20th century witnessed the ideological triumph of Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism in the Middle East with the cultural and literary renaissance that rose in the region leading to a collective consciousness as to the Arab identity among Arab intellectuals. It was the Arab nation-identity rather than the individual Arab states’ identity that shaped the political discourse of the then-Arab regimes. In addition, the political juncture with the advent of anti-colonial movements in the region following the Second World War set the stage for the radicalization trend of the military regimes which aimed to unify Arab nations under one state and carry out sweeping economic programs of modernization and centralization. On the other hand, the defeat in the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 was a defining historic moment in the reconfiguration of Arab politics in the Middle East. Since the war, Arab states moved into a post-nationalist stage in which strict ideological control and authoritarian policies were replaced with a set of limited political and economic openings and the Arab-Israeli treaty. This article investigates the birth and rise of the Arab nationalist movement along with the ideological origins of the radicalization trend of the ruling regimes in the Middle East. The article suggests that pan-Arabism, Arab socialism and anti-imperialism gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s with a number of political developments under Egypt’s President Abd-al Nasser. Nevertheless, the eventual decline of the radical regimes was witnessed with the 1967 Arab defeat that inflicted a mortal blow to the Arab nationalist movement. From 1967 onwards, the regimes lost both their capability and aspirations to realize Arab nationalist goals and in this era, state nationalism came to the forefront.Cite this article as: Erdoğan, Ayfer, “From the Free Officers Coup to the Arab-Israeli War of 1967: The Rise and Demise of the Radicalization Trend in The Middle East”, Turk J Hist, issue 69 (2019), p.169-194.

Keywords:

Arab nationalism, pan-Arabism, Arab socialism, radicalization, demise Arab-Israeli War of 1967,

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