Yrd.Doç.Dr.Bekir ÇINAR, Mrs.elisa GONZALEZ

MODERN ARNAVUTLUK'TA DEMOKRASİ, İSLAM VE SİYASET

Siyasal İslam ile liberal demokrasi arasındaki ilişki birçok akademisyen tarafından tartışılmaktadır. Bunların temel sorusu: ‘İslam ile Batı rejimlerinin karekteristikleri arasında bir uyum bulunabilir/ bulmak mümkün mü/ mi? dir.’ Bu çalışmaya göre bu sorunun cevabı özellikle Arnavutluk toplumu gözönüne alındığında olumlu görünür. Bu makale bir örneklem çalışmasıdır ve üç amaca ulaşmaya çalışmaktadır ki, bunlar aynı zamanda bu çalışmanın da çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Birinci amaç, Arnavutluk örneğinde demokrasi ve İslam (siyasal kısmı) uyumlu mudur?; mevcut siyasal gelişmeleri tetikleyen siyasal ve tarihi gelişmelere analiz etmek ise ikinci amacı oluşturmaktadır. En son amaç ise Arnavut gençlerinin algılarından yola çıkarak onların mevcut ve gelecek durum hakkında ne düşündüklerini öğrenmek amacı ise araştırmaya ek olarak konulmuştur. Başka bir ifadeyle, bu çalışma İslamın Arnavutluk’ta nasıl algılandığını açıklarken, aynı zamanda son on yılda İslam ve siyasetin ne tür bir gelişmeyi ortaya çıkardığını ve siyasal hayatı ne derece zenginleştirdiğini de ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Makale söz konusu ortaya konulan iddiaları bir çok tablo verilerle desteklemektedir ki, bu tablolar vasıtasıyla da Arnavutların yukarıda açıklanan konularda ne düşündüklerini de ortaya koymaktadır. Arnavutların iki kültürün farklı tezahürlerinin kendilerine yükledikleri rollerden memnun oldukların ortaya koyan bir ulus olduğu sonucuna varıyor ki, bunlar hem önemli hem de çok kıymetli değerler olmaktadır. Sonuçta her ne kadar siyasetin dışında Arnavutluk İslamı farklılık gösterse de İslam ve Liberal demokrasi doğal olarak Arnavutlukta içiçe girmiş ve uyumlu olarak yaşanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Siyasal İslam, Liberal Demokrasi, Arnavutluk, Demokrasi, Din

Democracy, Islam and Politics In Modern Albania

Many academics have discussed the relations between political Islam and liberal democracy. Their main question was/is ‘is it possible to find a kind of compatibility between Western regimes’ characteristics and Islam?’ According to this paper, this question’s answer is affirmative in term of Albanian society concerned. This paper is a case study and tries to achieve three purposes that functioned also as guidelines throughout the entire study including the quest about the compatibility between Islam (most of all in its political aspects) and democracy through the study of the Albanian case; and analysing those historical and political happenings that affected the current situation of the country and in addition to investigate the perceptions that the Albanian youth has about the issue in order to describe the present and also to make some suggestions/previsions about the future. In other words this study describes how Islam is perceived by Albanian society within the political life enriching in this way the portrait of the development of the relations between Islam and politics in the country during the last ten years. The paper provides various tables and data in order to prove its stands and explains how Albanian thought on ascribed issues. The paper concludes that the secret of Albania is that this nation enjoys its role of miscellaneous of two cultures since they know the importance and the value of both; therefore, thus Islam and Liberal democracy naturally coexist and the Albanian Islam differs from many other

Keywords:

-,

PDF

___

AL-JABRI, M. A., 2009. Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought. London: I.B. Tauris and CO in collaboration with the Center of Arab Unity Studies.
AYOOB, M., 2008. The Many Faces of Political Islam. Religion and Politics in Muslim World. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
BABUNA A., 2003. Albanian National Identity and Islam in the Post Communist Era. Turkey: SAM Center for Strategic Research.
BEGA, F. M., 2007. Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (Journal of International Political Studies). [Online] Available at: http://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/rspi/article/view/65 [Accessed on 14 September 2012].
BENANTAR, A., 1994. ‘La triade di fine secolo: Islam, Islamismo e Democrazia (The Triad of the Century: Islam, Islamism and Democracy). Limes, April-June, Vol. 2. pp. 55-66.
BIBERAJ, E., 1998. The Rocky Road to Democracy. Boulder: Westview Press.
BLUMI, I., 2005. Political Islam among the Albanians: Are the Talibans coming to the Balkans? Prishtina: Kipred.
BOBBIO, N., 1984. Il futuro della democrazia (The Future of Democracy). Torino: Einaudi.
BOCKENFORDE, E.-W., 2009. Sull'ethos dei giuristi (Ethos of Jurists). Roma, Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore.
BOUGAREL X., 2007. The role of Balkan Muslims in building a European Islam. [Online] Avaliable at: http://halshs.archives- ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/33/85/PDF/BalkIslam_EU_HAL_.pdf [Accessed on 19 September 2012].
CAHN,S., M., 2002. Classics of Political and Moral Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.
CLAYER, N., 1997. Islam State and Society in Post-Communist Albania in Poulton H.,
Taji-Farouki S., 1997. Muslim Identity and the Balkan State. London: Hurst & Company.
CLAYER, N., 2007. Aux origines du nationalisme albanais. La naissance d’une nation majoritairement musulmane (At the Origins of Albanian Nationalism. The Birth of a Nation with a Muslim majority in Europe).Paris: Karthala.
CLAYER, N., 2011. Adopting Islam to Europe: The Albanian Example. [Online] Available at: http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/57/87/57/PDF/clayer- adaptislam-final.pdf [Accessed on 20 September 2012].
COUGHLIN, K. M., 2006. Muslim Cultures Today. London: Greenwood Press.
CROUCH, C., 2003. Postdemocrazia. (Post-Democracy). Roma - Bari: Laterza.
DAHL, Robert A., 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
DAHL, Robert A., 2000. On Democracy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
DELISO, C., 2007. The Coming Balkan Caliphate: the Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West. London: Praeger Security International Advisory Board.
EICKELMAN Dale F. and Piscatori, James. 2004. Muslim Politics. Princetown: Princetown University Press.
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com [Accessed on 15 September 2012].
ESPOSITO, John L., 1996. Islam and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GJURAJ T., A., 2000. A Stable Ecumenical Model? How Religion Might Become a Political Issue in Albania. East European Quarterly.
GUOLO, R., 2007. L'Islam è Compatibile con la Democrazia?(Is Islam Compatible with Democracy?). Roma - Bari: Laterza.
HAYEK, F. A., 1982. ‘Liberalism’ in New Studies in Philosophy,Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London - Henley: Routledge and Keagan Paul, pp. 119-151.
HELD, D., 2006. Models of Democracy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
HEYWOOD, A., 2007. Politics, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
HOBHOUSE, L. T., 2009. Liberalism. Teddington: The Echo Library.
JEANS, S., 2009 Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
JEFFRIES I. and Bideleux R., 2006. The Balkans.A Post-Communist History. London-New York: Routledge.
JELAVICH, B., 1994. History of the Balkans. Twentieth Century, vol 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
KANT, I., 2005. Per la Pace Perpetua. (Perpetual Peace). Roma: Editori Riuniti.
KOVACS, F. L., 1941. The Untamed Balkans. New York: Modern Age Books.
LOCKE, J., 1690. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtreat.htm [Accessed on 20 September 2012].
MORGENTHAU, H. 1948. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
PETIFER J., Nazarko M., 2007. Strenghtening Religious Tolerance for a Secure Civil Society in Albania and the Southern Balkans, Woshington DC: IOS Press.
PIPES, D., 2000. Islam and Islamism - Faith and Ideology. [Online] Available at: http://www.danielpipes.org/366/islam-and-islamism-faith- and-ideology [Accessed on 20 September 2012].
PIPES, D., 2003. In the Path of God:Islam and Political Power. U.S.A and London: Transaction Publishers.
PLATTNER, M. F., 2010. ‘Nature of Modern Democracy’. Journal of Democracy, pp. 80-84.
POULTON H., Taji-Farouki S., 1997. Muslim Identity and the Balkan State. London: Hurst & Company.
PRIDHAM G., Gallagher T., 2000. Experimenting with Democracy. London and New York: Routlege.
REALE, G., 1991. Platone, Tutti gli Scritti. (Plato, All Writings). Milano: Rusconi.
ROY, O., 1994. The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
SALVADORI, M., 2006. L'idea di progresso. Possiamo farne a meno? (The Idea of Progress. Can we do without?). Roma: Donzelli.
SHAKESPEARE, W., 1600. Much Ado about Nothing. [Online] Available at: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/much_ado/full.html [Accessed on 20 September 2012].
SHAKESPEARE, W., 1603. Othello. [Online] Available at: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/othello/full.html [Accessed on 20 September 2012].
SHAPIRO, I., 2003. The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
SMITH, A., 2007. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Petersfield: Harriman House LTD.
VIANO, C. A., 1992. Politica e Costituzione di Atene e Aristotele (Politic and Constitution of Athene and Aristotle). Torino: U.T.E.T.
VINCENT, A., 2007. Modern Political Ideologies. New York and London: Wiley - Blackwell.
WATT, W. M., 2001. Breve Storia dell’Islam (Brief Hisory of Islam). Milano: Il Mulino.
YENIGUN, C., Ozcan S. and Baltaci C., 2011. Albanian Public Perceptions of Socio-cultural and Foreign Policy Issues, Tirana: Epoka University Press.
ZAKARIA, F., 2004. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad. New York - London: Norton.
ZANNINI, F., 2010. Musulmani nella Città Secolare (Muslims in the Secular City). Assisi: Cittadella.