Susam (Sesamum indicum L) çeşitlerinin agronomik, fizyolojik ve teknolojik özellikleri

Bu araştırma; yerli ve yabancı orijinli toplam 19 adet susam (Sesamum indicum L.) çeşidinin tarımsal, fizyolojik ve teknolojik özelliklemin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. 1998 yılında Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü deneme tarlasında Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Deseninde 4 tekerrürlü olarak yetiştirilen 19 susam çeşidinin, tohum verimi (kg/da), yağ verimi (kg/da), hasat indeksi (%), Spektrofetometrede klorofil a ve klorofil b miktarı (ng/nd), NMR'da yağ içeriği (%), GC'de yağ asitleri dağılımı (%) ve linoleik asidin (omega-6 yağ asidi) toplam doymuş yağ asitlerine oranı olarak kalite indeksi belirlenmiştir. Susamda en önemli ıslah amacı olaa tohum verimi bakımından çeşitler arasında 31.0 (Sudan1} kg/da ile 93.3 kg/da (Muganlı-57') arasında bir değişim aralığı elde edilmiş ve bu değişim F testine göre %1 seviyesinde önemli bulunmuştur. Yağ verimi ise 16.8 kg/da ve 55.8 kg/da arasında bulunmuştur. Muganlı-57' çeşidi hem tohum hem de yağ veriminde en ön sırada yer almıştır. Fotosentetik olarak ışığın biyolojik enerjiye dönüşümünde aktif rol oynayan klorofilin, bitkinin ışık kollektörteri olan yapraklardaki miktarı toplam olarak 26.8 jttg/ml ("Çamdibi') üe 39.» ng/ml ("Kadirli') arasında bir değişim göstermiştir. Başhca klorofil pigmentleri olan klorofil a 12.5-19.8 pg/ml arasında ve klorofil b 12.3-20.1 Hg/ml arasmda bulunmuştur. Klorofil miktan ile tohum verimi arasında önemli ve olumlu korelasyon katsayıları elde edilmiştir. Susam çeşitleri arasmda yağ ve yağ asitleri içerikleri bakımından önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Yağ içeriği %45.9 (Yousung1) üe%62.5 ('Giza-23') arasında değişmiştir. Susam çeşitlerinin yağ asitleri dağılımı; palmitik asit %9,5-14.1, stearik asit %4.2-5.4, oleik asit %37.1-47.0, linoleik asit %38.1-45.1 ve arasidik asit %0.0-0.3 olarak saptanmıştır. Yağ kalite indeksi değerleri ise 2.53 ortalama ile, 2.21 ile 2.79 arasında bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

çeşitler, kalite, yağ asitleri, yağlı tohumlu bitkiler, tohum verimi, susam, Sesamum indicum

Agricultural, physiological and technological characteristics of the sesame (Sesamum indicum L) varieties

Ih this research, it was carried out to detennine the agricultural, physiological and technplogical characteristics of the 19 national and International sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties. Total of 19 sesame varieties were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replication on lae field of Mediterranean Agricultural Research Center in 1998. These varieties were compared for seed and oil yîeld (kg/da), harvest index (%), chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content (Mg/ml) with spectrophotmeter, oil content (%) with NMR, fatty acid composition with GC and quality index calculated as the ratio of linoleic acid (omega-6 fauy acid) to totol saturated fatty acids. The seed yield which is the main breeding target varied between 31.0 ('Sudan') and 93.3 kg/da CMuganlı-571), which was significanüy above the level of 1% on F-values. The oil yield were between 16.8 and 55.8 kg/da. Cultivar "Muganlı-571 was tiıe first üne among the aü varieties concerned with both seed and oil yields. Chlorophyll, which is the active pigment converting the solar radiation to biological energy, were totally changed between 26.8 (Çamdibi1) and 39,8 iig/ml ("Kadirli') in the leaf, lightcollectors of the plant. The range of the main pigments as chlorophyll a and b were 12.5-19.8 ng/ml and 12.3-20.1 jig/ml, respectively. it was found that significant positive correlation coefficients between seed yield and chlorophyll contents. Oil and fatty acid contents varied importantly according to the varieties. The oil contents of the varieties varied from 45.9 % ('Yousung') to 62.5 % {'Giza-231). Fatty acid composition of ««,oil m the varieties had the following range; palmitic acid 9.5-14. l %, stearic acid 4.2-5.4 %, oleic acid 37.1-47.0 %, linoleic acid 38.1-45. l % and aracidic acid 0.0-0.3 %. The average «pıality index which is TMe was 2.53 with arange of 2.21 and 2.79.

Keywords:

varieties, quality, fatty acids, oilseed plants, seed yield, sesame, Sesamum indicum,

___

Anonymous, (1999). Agricultural Trade Yearbook, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Anonymous, (2000). Tarımsal Yapı ve Üretim, DİE, Ankara, Türkiye.
Ashri, A., (1989). Sesame. Pages 375-387 In Oil Crops of The World. G. Robbelen, R. K. Downey, and A. Ashri (Eds.): Mcgraw-Hill Pub.Comp., 522 p., New York.
Baydar, H., Turgut, İ. and Turgut, K., (1999a). Variations of Certain Characters and Line Selection for Yield, Oil, Oleic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in The Turkish Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Populations. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 23:431-441.
Baydar, H., Marquard, R. and Turgut, İ, (1999b). Pure Line Selection for improved Yield, Oil Content and Different Fatty Acid Composition of Sesame, Sesamum indicum L, Plant Breeding 118:462-464.
Baydar, H, (2001). Susam (Sesamum indicum L.) Genetiği ve Islahı Üzerinde Araştırmalar: Tohum ve Yağ Kalite Özelliklerinin Kalıtımı. IV. Ulusal Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi- Tekirdağ.
Demir, L, (1962). Researches on Morphological, Biological and Cytological Properties of Sesame Varieties Grown in Turkey. Pub. by University of Aegean, Faculty of Agriculture, No. 53, Izmir-Turkey.
Demurin, Y., Skoric, D. and Karlovic, D., (1996). Genetic Variability of Tocopherol Composition in Sunflower Seeds as Basis of Breeding for Improved Oil Quality. Plant Breeding 115, 33-36.
Hirose, N., Inoue, T., Nishihara, K., Sugano, M. Akimoto, K., Shimizu, S. and Yamada, H., (1991). Inhibition of Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Rats by Sesamin. Journal of Lipid Research 32: 629-638.
Liu, J.R., Zheng, Y.Z. and Xu, R.Q., (1992). Analysis of Nutrient Quality of Seed and Screening for Prominent Germplasms in Sesame. Oil Crops of China 1: 24-26.
Marquard, R., (1987). Qualitatsanalytik i m Dienste der Ölpflanzenzüchtung. Fat. Sci. Technol. 89: 95-99.
MSTATC, (1989). User's Guide To Mstatc: Analysis of Agronomic Research Experiments. Michigan State Univ. USA.
Nagaraj, G., (1992). Fatty Acid Profile of New Plant Types in Sesame {Sesamum indicum) J.of The Oil Tech. Assoc. of India 23(2): 28-29.
Reddy, O.U. and Dorairaj, M.S., (1994). Path Coefficient Analysis in Sesamum indicum. Madras Agri, Jour. 81 (8):446-447.
Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N. and Kadam, S.S. (1991). Sesame in world oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology and Utilisation. Van Nostrand and Reinhold, New York, p. 371-402.
Weiss, E.A., (2000). Oilseed Crops, 2nd Edition, Blackweli Sci. Ltd., 364 Pages, Victoria, Australia
Whapham, C.A., Blunden, G., Jenkins, T., Hankins, H.T., (1993). Significance of Betaines in the Increased Chlorphyll Content of Plants Treated with Seawed Extract. Jour. Of Appl. Phys. 5:231-234.
Yermanos, D.M, Hernstrret, S., Salleb, W. and Huszar, C.K., (1972). Oil Content and Composition of The Seed in The World Collection of Sesame Introductions. Jour. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 49: 20-25.
Yermanos, D.M., (1978). Oil Analysis Report on the World Sesame Collection. World Farming 14: 5-11.
Yoshida, H. and Takagi, S., (1997). Effects of Seed Roasting Temperature and Time on Quality Characteristics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Oil J.of Sci.Food Agric. 75: 19-26.