Effects of Some Fungicides and Foliar Fertilizers on Epiphytic Fungal and Yeast Population of Citrus Leaves

In this study, the effects of some commonly used fungicides (Copper hydroxide, Diphenoconazole+Propiconazole, Iprodione, Mancozeb, Metiram and Propineb) and foliar fertilizers (Zinc, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium and Urea) were examined on phyllosphere microorganisms population on citrus leaves. As a results of the isolations from the leaves, mostly Cryptococcus spp. and Sporobolomyces spp. And Cladosporium spp. and Aureobasidium spp. were obtained in less rates. Mancozeb and Copper hydroxide had the greatest impact on mycoflora. During the period of these fungicide applications, fungal population decreased by approximately 50-fold. Effects of these fungicides continued up to 6 months after application. Diphenoconazole+Propiconazole and Iprodione had no significant effect on the fungal population. Effect of Metiram and Propineb fungicides disappeared after 2 months of applications. Although foliar fertilizers seemed to have a negative impact on fungal populations, repeated applications increased the mycoflora. Especially foliar fertilizers such as zinc and phosphorus remarkably increased Sporobolomyces species.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Phyllosphere mycoflora, Yeasts; Fungicide; Foliar fertilizer

PDF

___

[1] Morris, C.E., Kinkel, L.L. 2002. Fifty Years of Phyllosphere Microbiology: Significant Contributions to Research in Related Fields. In Phyllosphere Microbiology ed. Lindow S.E., Hecht- Poinar E.L. and Eliot V.J., PP., 365-375.
[2] Morris, C. E., Barnes, M. B., McLean, R. C. J. 2002. Biofilms on Leaf Surfaces: Implications for the Biology, Ecology and Management of Populations of Epiphytic Bacteria. In Phyllosphere Microbiology eds. Lindow S E, Hecht-Poinar E L & Eliot V J pp 139-155 St Paul, USA: APS Press
[3] Lindow, S.E., Brandl, M.T. 2003. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 69(4), 1875.
[4] Sülü, S. M., Bozkurt, İ. A., Soylu, S. 2016. Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyici ve Biyolojik Mücadele Etmeni Olarak Bakteriyel Endofitler. MKÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 103-111.
[5] Lambais, T.G., Crowley, D.E., Cury, J.C., Bull, R.C., Rodrigues, R.R. 2006. Bacterial Diversity in Tree Canopies of The Atlantik Forest. Science, 312, 1917.
[6] Blakeman, J.P., Brodie, I.D.S. 1976. Inhibition of Pathogens by Epiphytic Bacteria on Beetroot Leaves. Physiological Plant Pathology, 2, 143-52.
[7] Blakeman, J.P. 1981. Microbial Ecology of the Phylloplane. Academic Press, London, 502p
[8] Manceau, C.R., Kasempour, M.N. 2002. In Endophytic Versus Epiphytic Colonization of Plants: What Comes First? Phyllosphere Microbiology eds. Lindow, S.E., Hecht- Poinar, E.I. and Elliot, V.J., pp. 115-123.
[9] Jacques, M. A., Josi, K., Darrasse, A., Samson, R. 2005. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans is Aggregated in Stable Biofilm Population Sizes in the Phyllosphere of Field-Grown Beans. Applied Environment Microbiology, 71, 2008-2015.
[10] Zak, J. C. 2002. Implications of a Leaf Surface Habitat for Fungal Community Structure and Function. In Phyllosphere Microbiology eds. Lindow S E, Hecht-Poinar E I. & Elliot V J, 299-315.
[11] Campbell, R. 1985. Plant Microbiology,56p.
[12] Stadler, B., Muller, T. 1996. Aphid Honeydew and Its Effect on the Phyllosphere Microflora of Picea abies. Oecologia, 106,771-776.
[13] Bashi, E., Fokkema, N.J. 1977. Environmental Factors Limiting Growth of Sporobolomyces roseus an Antagonist of Cochliobolus sativus on Wheat Leaves. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 68, 17-25.
[14] Kadivar, H., Stapleton, A.E. 2006. Ultraviolet Radiation Alters Maize Phyllosphere Bacteriel Diversity. Microbial Ecology, 45, 353-361.
[15] Stapleton, A.E., Simmons, S.J. 2006. Plant Control of Phyllosphere Diversity: Genotype Interactions with Ultraviolet- B Radiation. Microbial Ecology of The Aerial Plant Surface ed. Bailey, M.J., Lilley, A.K., Timms-Wilson, P.T.N. and Spencer-Phillips, P.T.N.,223-238.
[16] Whipps, J.M., Hand, P., Pink, P., Bending, G.D. 2008. Phyllosphere Microbiology with Special Reference to Diversity and Plant Genotype. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 1364- 5072.
[17] Erkılıç, A., Çınar, A. 1988. Limon Ağaçlarındaki Mikroorganizmalar ve Uçkurutan Hastalığı (Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) Kanc. et Ghık.) Arasındaki Antagonistik İlişkilerin Araştırılması. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Tarım ve Ormancılık Araştırma Grubu, Project No:536.
[18] Arx, J.A. 1974. The Genera of Fungi Sporulating in Pure Culture. A. R. Gantner Verlag K.G., FL-9490 Vaduz, Germany, 315 p.
[19] Barnet, H.L., Hunter, B.B. 1972. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burges Publishing Company, Minnesota, 241p.
[20] Sadasivam, K.V., Rangaswami, G., Prasad, N.N. 1976. Studies on The Phyllosphere Microflora of Tapioca. Tecnische Microbiologie, V:131, 632-643.
[21] Karlsson, I., Friberg, H., Steinberg, C., Persson, P. 2014. Fungicide Effects on Fungal Community Composition in The Wheat Phyllosphere. PLoS ONE, 9(11).
[22] Moulas, C., Petsoulas, C., Rousidou, K., Perruchon, C., Karas, P., Karpouzas, D. G. 2013. Effects of Systemic Pesticides Imidacloprid and Metalaxyl on the Phyllosphere of Pepper Plants. BioMed Research International, V:2013, 8p.
[23] Cwalina Ambroziak, B., Sienkiewicz, S. 2008. Fungi Isolated From Phyllosphere of Fodder Galega (Galega orientalis). Acta Mycologica, 43(2), 173-179.