Fikret ÖNDES, Vahdet ÜNAL, Yeliz ÖZBİLGİN, Cengiz DEVAL, Cemal TURAN

By-catch and monetary loss of pufferfish in Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean

Non-native pufferfish have been a part of the Mediterranean marine ecosystem since the 1930s. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the by-catch of these species. This study aimed to compare the by-catch of pufferfish species between different types of fishing gear and to determine the monetary losses due to pufferfish on the Aegean (west) and Mediterranean (south) coasts of Turkey. A total of 467 commercial and recreational fishers (n= 244 and n=223 respectively), based in the 7 coastal cities were interviewed in the period of June - December 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire provided detailed information on by-catch amount of pufferfish in fishing gears, and economic loss caused by pufferfish. The most commonly caught pufferfish species was Lagocephalus sceleratus. The by-catch amount of pufferfish is higher on the Mediterranean coast in comparison with the Aegean coast. The highest pufferfish by-catch was recorded in purse seines and trawls on the south coasts, but in set nets on the west coasts. When seasonal changes were considered, the highest by-catch was occurred in the summer months for both commercial and recreational fisheries. Regarding the damages caused by pufferfish species in the small-scale fisheries, 92% and 90% of fishers, who fished on the south coasts, claimed that pufferfish species damage their fishing gears and fish entangled to these fishing gears, respectively. In conclusion, pufferfish species (e.g. L. sceleratus) are part of the ecosystem with their unknown quantified impacts. In fact, such information is required for fisheries management to mitigate the impacts of these species. The present study contributes to filling the gaps in this area.

Doğu Akdeniz, Türkiye’de balon balıklarının hedef dışı avı ve parasal zararları

Yerli olmayan balon balıkları 1930’lu yıllardan beri Akdeniz ekosisteminin bir parçası olmasına rağmen bu türlerin hedef dışı avı konusu ile ilgili bilgi eksikliği söz konusudur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Ege ve Akdeniz kıyılarında balon balıklarının farklı av araçlarındaki hedef dışı avını kıyaslamayı ve balon balıklarından kaynaklanan parasal zararları tespit etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Haziran-Aralık 2017 periyodunda 7 kıyı ilinde, toplam 467 ticari ve amatör balıkçı (n= 244 ve n= 223 sırasıyla) ile görüşülmüştür. Yarı yapılandırılmış anket, balon balıklarının av araçlarındaki hedef dışı av miktarı ve balıkçılıkta sebep oldukları parasal zararlar hakkında detaylı bilgi sağlamıştır. Av araçlarında yakalanan en yaygın balon balığı türü Lagocephalus sceleratusolarak tespit edilmiştir. Akdeniz kıyısındaki hedef dışı av miktarı Ege kıyısına nazaran daha yüksek bulunmuştur. En yüksek hedef dışı av miktarı, güney kıyılarında gırgır ve trollerden kaydedilirken, batı kıyılarında uzatma ağlarında tespit edilmiştir. Mevsimsel değişimler dikkate alındığında, hem ticari hem de amatör balıkçılıkta en yüksek hedef dışı av yaz aylarında gözlemlenmiştir. Güney kıyılarında avlanan küçük ölçekli balıkçıların % 92’si balon balıklarının av araçlarında hasara sebep olduğunu belirtmiş ve ayrıca balıkçıların %90’ı, bu türlerin yakaladıkları hedef ava da zarar verdiklerini rapor etmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, balon balığı türleri (örn. L. sceleratus), bilinmeyen etkileri ile ekosistemin bir parçasıdır. Bu türlerin etkilerini azaltmak için balıkçılık yönetiminde bazı bilgilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Mevcut çalışma, bu alandaki boşlukları doldurmaya katkı koymaktadır.

___

Acar, C., Ishizaki, S. & Nagashima, Y. (2017). Toxicity of the lessepsian pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus from eastren Mediterranean coast of Turkey and species identification by rapid PCR amplification. European Food Research Technology, 243, 49-57. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2721-1

Akyol, O., Ünal V., Ceyhan T. & Bilecenoğlu, M. (2005). First Record of the Silverside Blaasop, Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Fish Biology, 66, 1183-1186. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00667.x

Akyol, O. & Ünal, V. (2017). Long journey of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2, 41-47. DOI: 10.28978/nesciences.369534

Aksiray, F. (1987). Turkish Marine Fish Species and Their Identification Keys (2nd edition). Publication of University of İstanbul, Turkey, 811 pp. (In Turkish).

Arakawa, O., Hwang, D.-F., Taniyama, S., & Takatani, T. (2010). Toxins of pufferfish that cause human intoxications. Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China Sea, 227-244.

Avşar, D. & Cicek, E. (1999). A New Species Record For The Central And Eastern Mediterranean; Sphoeroides cutaneus (Günther, 1870) (Pisces: Tetraodontidae). Oebalia, 25, 17-21.

Aydın, M. (2011). Growth, reproduction and diet of Pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus, Gmelin, 1789) from Turkey’s Mediterranean sea coast. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11, 569-576. DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2011.0318

Azzurro, E., Moschella, P. & Maynou, F. (2011). Tracking signals of change in Mediterranean fish diversity based on local ecological knowledge. PLoS ONE, 6:e24885. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0024885

Başusta, A., Başusta, N. & Özer, E.I. (2013). Length-weight relationship of two puffer fishes, Lagocephalus sceleratus and Lagocephalus spadiceus, from Iskenderun Bay, northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(4), 1047-1051.

Beköz, A.B., Beköz, S., Yılmaz, E., Tüzün, S. & Beköz, Ü. (2013). Consequences of the increasing prevalence of the poisonous Lagocephalus sceleratus in southern Turkey. Emergency Medicine Journal, emermed-2011. DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2011-200407

Bilecenoğlu, M. (2005). Observation on the burrowing behaviour of the Dwarf Blaasop, Torquigener flavimaculosus (Osteichthyes: Tetraodontidae) along the coast of Fethiye, Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 35, 29-34. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2005.10638100

Bilecenoğlu, M., Kaya, M., Cihangir, B. & Çiçek, E. (2014). An updated checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Turk. J. Zool., 38, 901-929. DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1405-60

Bilecenoğlu, M. (2016). Demersal Lessepsian fish assemblage structure in the northern Levant and Aegean Seas. Journal of Black Sea and Mediterranean Environment, 22(1), 46-59.

Briceño, F, Linnane, A.J., Gardner, G., Quiroz, J.C. & Pecl, G.T. (2015). Predation risk within fishing gear and its implications for Australian southern rock lobster fisheries. PLoS ONE, 10(10):e0139816. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0139816

Chamandi, S.C., Kallab, K., Mattar, H. & Nader, E. (2009). Human Poisoning after Ingestion of Puffer Fish Caught from Mediterranean Sea. Case Report - USEK Medical School - Lebanon.

Cohen, N.J., Deeds J.R., Wong, E.S., Hanner, R.H., Yancy, H.F., White, K.D., Thompson, T.M., Wahl, M., Pham, T.D., Guichard, F.M., Huh, I., Austin, C., Dizikes, G. & Gerber, S.I. (2009). Public health response to puffer fish (Tetrodotoxin) poisoning from mislabeled product. Journal of Food Protection. 72(4), 810-817. DOI: 10.4315/0362- 028X-72.4.810

Coro, G., Vilas, L.G., Magliozzi, C., Ellenbroek, A., Scarponi, P. & Pagano, P. (2018). Forecasting the ongoing invasion of Lagocephalus sceleratus in the Mediterranean Sea. Ecological Modelling, 371, 37-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.007

Çek-Yalnız, Ş., Turan, F. & Doğdu, A.S. (2017). Maturation and Gonad Development of Yellowspotted Puffer Torquigener flavimaculosus (Osteichthyes: Tetraodontidae) from Iskenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2, 1-11. DOI: 10.28978/nesciences.368991

Çiçek, E. & Avsar, D. (2015). Lessepsian fishes at the bottom trawl fishery in the Babadillimani bigth, northeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. 67(4), 43-50.

Dawe, J. & Schneider, D. (2014). Consilient knowledge in fisheries: a case study of three species of wolffish (Anarhichadidae) listed under the Canadian Species at Risk Act. Ecology and Society, 19(3), 26. DOI: 10.5751/ES-06674-190326

Deidun, A., Fenech-Farrugia, A., Castriota, L., Falautano, M., Azzurro, E. & Andaloro, F. (2015). First record of the silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) from Malta. BioInvasions Records, 4(2), 139-142. DOI: 10.3391/bir.2015.4.2.11

Engin, S., Irmak, E. & Seyhan, D. (2016). New record of the thermophilic Cephalopholis taeniops (Osteichthyes: Serranidae) in the Aegean Sea. Zoology in the Middle East, 62(2), 184–186. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2016.1173908

EP. (2015) The landing obligation and its implications on the control of fisheries. European Parliament Report, 122 pp.

Eryilmaz, L., Özulu, M. & Meriç, N. (2003). The Smooth Pufferfish, Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel, 1848) (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae), new to the Northern Aegean Sea. Zooloy in the Middle East, 28, 125-126. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2003.10637962

Gücü, A.C. (2012). Impact of depth and season on the demersal trawl discard. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12(4), 817-830. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_4_10.

Hastings, P, Walker, H.J. & Galland, G. (2014). Fishes: a guide to their diversity. University of California Press, Oakland, 311 pp.

Irmak, E. (2012). Türkiye kıyılarındaki Lessepsiyen balon balıklarının dağılımı ve beslenme özellikleri. [Lessepsian pufferfi shes on the Turkish coasts and their feeding properties.] PhD Thesis. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. [In Turkish.]

Irmak, E. & Engin, S. (2015). A newly established population of the Indian Ocean Twospot Cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus novemstriatus (Rüppell, 1838), in the Northern Levantine Sea (Osteichthyes: Apogonidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 61(2), 186–188. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2015.1035009

Kalogirou, S. (2013). Ecological characteristics of the invasive pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in Rhodes, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A case study. Mediterranean Marine Science, 14, 251−260. DOI: 10.12681/mms.364

Kaiser, M.J., Attrill, M.J., Jennings, S., Thomas, D.N., Barnes, D.K.A., Brierley, A.S., Hiddink, J.G., Kaartokallio, H., Polunin, N.V.C. & Raffaelli, D.G. (2011). Marine Ecology: Processes, Systems, and Impacts, second edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Katikou, P., Georgantelis, D., Sinouris, N., Ptesi, A. & Fotaras, T. (2009). First Report on Toxicity Assessment of the Lessepsian Migrant Puffer Fish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) From European Waters (Agean Sea, Greece). Toxicon, 54, 50-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.012

Kelleher, K. (2005). Discards in the world’s marine fisheries: an update. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Fisheries Technical Paper, no. 470. Rome: FAO.

Kosker, A. R., Özogul, F., Durmus, M., Ucar, Y., Ayas, D., Regenstein, J.M. & Özogul, Y. (2016). Tetrodotoxin levels in pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) caught in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Food Chemistry, 210, 332-337. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.122

Kosswig, C. (1950). Erythräische Fische im Mittelmeer und an der Grenze der Ägais. Pp. 203–212. In: Von Jordans A., Peus F. (eds.) Syllegomena Biologica. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstage von Herrn Pastor Dr. Med. H.C. Otto Kleinschmidt, Lutherstadt Wittenberg am 13. Dezember 1950. Geest und Portig K.-G./A. Ziemsen Verlag, Leipzig und Wittenberg, Germany.

Leite, M.C. & Gasalla, M.A. (2013). A method for assessing fishers’ ecological knowledge as a practical tool for ecosystembased fisheries management: seeking consensus in south-eastern Brazil. Fisheries Research, 145, 43–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2013.02.013

Macdonald, P., Angus, C.H., Cleasby, I.R., Marshall, C.T. (2014). Fishers’ knowledge as an indicator of spatial and temporal trends in abundance of commercial fish species: megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) in the northern North Sea. Marine Policy, 45, 228- 239. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2013.11.001

Mavruk, S., Bengil, F., Yeldan, H., Manasirli, M. & Avsar, D. (2017). The trend of lessepsian fish populations with an emphasis on temperature variations in Iskenderun Bay, the Northeastern Mediterranean Fisheries Oceanography, 1-13. DOI: 10.1111/ fog.12215

Michailidis, N. (2010). Study on the lessepsian migrant Lagocephalus sceleratus in Cyprus. In: EastMed, Report of the Sub-Regional Technical meeting on the Lessepsian migration and its impact on Eastern Mediterranean fishery (pp.74-87). Scientific and Institutional Cooperation to Support Responsible Fisheries in the Eastern Mediterranean, GCP/INT/041/EC – GRE – ITA/TD-04, Athens, 138 pp.

Nader, M., Indray, S. & Boustany, L. (2012). The pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the Eastern Mediterranean. FAO– EastMed Project, Athens, Greece. GCP/INT/041/EC–GRE–ITA/ TD-10.

Öndes, F., Kaiser, M.J. & Murray, L.G. (2017a). Fish and invertebrate by-catch in the crab pot fishery. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 1-13. DOI: 10.1017/S0025315417001643

Öndes, F, Emerson, J., Kaiser, M.J., Murray, L.G. & Kennington, K. (2017b). The catch characteristics and population structure of the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) in the Isle of Man. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 1-15. DOI: 10.1017/S002531541700184.

Özbek, Ö.E., Çardak, M. & Kebapçıoğlu, T. (2017). Spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and length of the silvercheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17, 725-733.

Por, F.D. (1964). A study of the Levantine and Pontic Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 64, 1-128.

Posey, D. & Balick, M. (2006). Human impacts on Amazonia: the role of traditional ecological knowledge in conservation and development. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI:10.7312/pose10588

Rousou, M., Ganias, K., Kletou, D., Loucaides, A. & Tsinganis, M. (2014). Maturity of the pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Sexuality and early development in aquatic organisms, 1, 35–44.

Soykan, C.U., Moore, J.E., Zydelis, R., Crowder, L.B., Safina, C. & Lewison R.L. (2008). Why study by-catch? An introduction to the theme section on fisheries bycatch. Endangered Species Research, 5, 91–102. DOI:10.3354/esr00175

Streftaris, N. & Zenetos, A. (2006). Alien marine species in the Mediterranean - the 100 ‘worst invasives’ and their impact. Mediterranean Marine Science, 7(1), 87-118. DOI:10.12681/ mms.180

TUIK, 2013. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı (2013). Erişim: 04.03.2018.

TUIK, 2018. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim: 22.03.2018.

Turan, C. & Yaglioglu, D. (2011). First record of the Spiny blaasop Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan, 1908) (Tetraodontidae) from the Turkish coasts. Mediterranean Marine Science, 12(1), 247- 252. DOI: 10.12681/mms.63

Turan, C., Gürlek, M., Ergüden, D., Uyan A., Karan, S. & Doğdu, S.A. (2017). Assessing DNA Barcodes for Identification of Pufferfish Species (Tetraodontidae) in Turkish Marine Waters. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2(3), 55 - 66. DOI: 10.28978/nesciences.369538

Tuset, V.M., Azzurro, E. & Lombarte, A. (2012). Identification of Lessepsian fish species using the sagittal otolith. Scientia Marina 76(2), 289–299, DOI: 10.3989/scimar.03420.18E

Ulman, A., Çiçek, B.A., Salihoğlu, I., Petrou, A., Patsalidou, M., Pauly, D. & Zeller, D. (2015). Unifying the catch data of a divided island: Cyprus’s marine fisheries catches, 1950– 2010. Environment Development and Sustainability, 17, 801– 821. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-014-9576-z

Ünal, V., Göncüoğlu, H., Durgun, D., Tosunoğlu, Z., Deval, C. & Turan, C. (2015). Silver-Cheeked Toadfish, Lagocephalus sceleratus (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), Causes A Substantial Economic Losses In The Turkish Mediterranean Coast: A Call For Decision Makers. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 45(3), 231–237.DOI: 10.3750/AIP2015.45.3.02

Ünal, V. & Göncüoğlu-Bodur, H. (2017). The socio-economic impacts of the silver-cheeked toadfish on small-scale fishers: A comparative study from the Turkish coast. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34, 119-127. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.01

Vella, A., Vella, N., Karakulak, F.S. & Oray, I. (2017). DNA Barcoding of Tetraodontidae Species from the Mediterranean Sea: Filling Knowledge Gaps for Improved Taxonomic Accuracy. Genetics of Aquatic Organisms, 1, 61-69. DOI: 10.4194/2459-1831-v1_2_05

Venmathi Maran, B.A., Ohtsuka, S., Takami, I., Okabe, S. & Boxshall, G.A. (2011). Recent advances in the biology of the parasitic copepod Pseudocaligus fugu (Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae), host specific to pufferfish of the genus Takifugu (Actinopterygii, Tetraodontidae) In: Asakura A, et al., editors. Crustaceana Monographs 15: new frontiers in crustacean biology. Leiden: Brill; pp. 31–45. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004174252.i-354.30

Yemişken, E., Dalyan, C. & Eryılmaz, L. (2014). Catch and discardfish species of trawl fisheries in the Iskenderun Bay (Northeastern Mediterranean) with emphasis on lessepsian and chondricthyan species. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15(2), 380-389.