İDİL PAZI, LÜTFİ TOLGA GÖNÜL, FİLİZ KÜÇÜKSEZGİN

Bafa Gölü'nde biyotik ve abiyotik ortamda pestisit ve PCB dağılımı

Çalışma kapsamında Bafa Gölünden alınan sediment ve kefal balığı (Mugil cephalus, Linnaeus 1758) örneklerinde tarımsal pestisit ve endüstriyel kaynaklı PCB gibi organik kirleticilerin kalıntıları ölçülmüş ve bu bileşiklerin dağılımları, muhtemel kaynakları ve potansiyel biyolojik riskleri incelenmiştir. DDT ve türevleri açısından dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki göllerin yüzey sedimentleri ile kıyaslandığında Bafa Gölü sedimentlerinde DDT kirlilik seviyesinin oldukça düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Sedimentte Endrin baskın kirletici olarak belirlenmiştir. Sediment örneklerinde ölçülen DDT ve metabolitleri, Dieldrin, Lindan ve Heptaklor konsantrasyonları sediment kalite indekslerine göre değerlendirildiğinde, kirleticilerin göldeki canlı yaşamına olumsuz bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. ∑PCB konsantrasyonlarının ise göl kıyısında bulunan endüstriyel kuruluşlara yakın istasyonlarda sadece düşük değerli etki sevisini aşıp, diğer tüm istasyonlarda canlılar için risk yaratmayacağı belirlenmiştir. Mugil cephalus karaciğer dokusu için hesaplanan biyota sediment akümülasyon faktörü (BSAF) 0.44-3.16 arasında değişmektedir. Bafa Gölü Mugil cephalus örneklerinde ölçülen kirletici konsantrasyonları dikkate alındığında Gıda ve Tarım Kurumu (FAO) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne (WHO) göre Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptaklor ve DDT türevleri için hesaplanan Günlük Alım Miktarı değerlerinin (EDI) Kabul Edilebilir Günlük Alım miktarlarının (ADI) oldukça altında kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak, balık örneklerindeki PCB seviyelerinin WHO tarafından belirlenen ADI değerini aştığı saptanmıştır.

Pesticide and PCB residues in biotic and abiotic environment in Lake Bafa

In this study, the residues of organic pollutants such as agricultural pesticides and industrial based PCBs were measured in the Bafa Lake based on gray mullet (Mugil cephalus, Linnaeus 1758) and coastal sediments during 2010-2011 and these organochlorinated compounds were assessed to provide a better understanding of recent distribution, possible sources as well as potential biological risk of DDTs and PCBs in this area. In terms of DDT and its metabolites, it has been found that level of DDT pollution in the Bafa Lake is quite low when compared with the surface sediments of the lakes in the different regions of the world. The results indicated that Endrin was the predominant OCP contaminant in the sediments. According to sediment quality guidelines DDT and its metabolites, Dieldrin, Lindan and Heptachlor levels measured in the sediment samples showed no adverse effect on aquatic environment. ΣPCB concentrations at stations located near the industrial organizations higher than effect range low but all other stations will not pose risks to ecological risk to the bottom-dwelling consumers. BSAF (Biota and Sediment Accumulation Factor) of total OCPs for the liver tissue of ranged from 0.44 to 3.16. When considering pollutant concentrations measured in Mugil cephalus samples from Bafa Lake, it has been determined that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values of Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptaklor and DDT metabolites were far below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values recommended by (FAO/WHO). Furthermore, PCB levels in fish samples exceeded the acceptable daily intake recommended by WHO.

PDF

___

Barakat, A.O., Khairy, M., Aukaily, I., 2013. Persistent organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in surface sediments of Lake Qarun, a protected area of Egypt. Chemosphere, 90:2467-2476. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.012
Barlas, N.E, 1999. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper Sakarya Basin, Turkiye. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminatin and Toxicology, 62:278-285. doi:10.1007/s001289900871
Bettinetti, R., Galassi, S., Guilizzoni, P., Quadron, S., 2011. Sediment analysis to support the recent glacial origin of DDT pollution in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). Chemosphere, 85:163-169. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.037
Boon, J.P., Lewis, W.E., TjoenA-Choy, M.R., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J., De Boer, J., ve diğ., 2002. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environmental Science &Technology, 36(19):4025- 4032. doi: 10.1021/es0158298
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2002. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, MB.
Chan, C.H, Bruce, G., Harrison, B., 1994. Wet deposition of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Research, 20: 546-560. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71171-0
Covaci, A., Gheorghe, A., Hulea, O., Schepens, P., 2006. Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and biota from the DanubeDelta, Romania. Environmental Pollution, 140:136-149. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.008
Delen, N., 2008. Fungisitler. Nobel Yayın dağıtım, Nobel Yayın No: 1360, Ankara.
Delen, N., Durmusoglu, E., Güncan, A., Güngör, N., Turgut, C., Burçak, A., 2005. Türkiye'de Pestisit Kullanımı, Kalıntı ve Duyarlılık Azalısı Sorunları. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisligi 6. Teknik Kongresi, 3-7 Ocak 2005, Ankara, Bildiriler Kitabı, 629-648.
De Mora, S., Villeneuve, J.P., Sheikholeslami, M. R., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., 2004. Organochlorinated compounds in Caspian Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48:30-43. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.10.001 FDA/EPA, 2008. Guidance levels in seafoods, http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5924e /y5924e0d.htm
Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K.A., Norstrom, R.J., 2001. Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the Northwater Polynya marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology, 35:732-738. doi: 10.1021/es010719m
Hendy, E.J. and Peake, B., 1996. Organochlorine pesticides in a dated sediment core from Mapua, Waimea Inlet, New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32: 751-754. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(96)00068-9 http://chm.pops.int http://www.wwf.org.tr, WWF-Türkiye
Hitch, R.K., Day, H.R., 1992. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48: 259264. doi:10.1007/BF00194381
Hu, L., Zhang, G., Zheng, B., Qin, Y., Lin, T., Guo, Z., 2009. Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China. Chemosphere, 77: 663672. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.070
Hu, N., ShiX, H.P., Mao, J., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Ma, D., 2011. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18:163-172. doi 10.1007/s11356-010-0359-2
Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., 2002. Contamination by selected chlorinated pesticides in surface water in Hanoi, Vietnam. Chemosphere, 47:357- 367. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00342-3
Kang, Y.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Mai, B.X., Zhang, G., Lin, Z., Min, Y.S., 2000. Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta and Macau. Mar. Poll. Bull., 40:794-797. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00089-8
Köprücü, K., 2007. Türkiye Su Ürünleri üretiminin durumu ve değerlendirilmesi. Türk Tarım Dergisi, 178:22-28.
Long, E., Macdonald, D., Smith, S., Calder, F., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management, 19:81-97. doi:10.1002/etc.5620170428
Long, E.R., Field, L.J., MacDonald, D.D., 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numeral sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17:714-727.
OSİB, 2011. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Bafa Gölü Kirliliğinin Araştırılması Komisyonu Sonuç Raporu, 2011
Pazı, İ., Kucuksezgin, F, Gonul, L.T., 2012. Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine residues in surface sediments of the Candarli Gulf (Eastern Aegean). Marine Pollution Bulletin,. 64:2839-2843.
Pazı, İ., Kucuksezgin, F, Gonul, L.T., 2011. Distribution and sources of organochlorinated contaminants in sediments from Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62:1115-1119. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.016
Peris, E., Requena, S., Guardiac, M., Pastor, A., Carrasco, J.M., 2005. Organochlorinated pesticides in sediments from the Lake Albufera of Valencia (Spain). Chemosphere, 60: 1542-1549. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.043
Roche, H., Vollaire, Y., Persic, A., Buet, A., Oliveira-Ribeiro, C., Coulet, E., Banas, D., Ramade, F., 2009. Organochlorines in the Vaccarès Lagoon trophic web (Biosphere Reserve of Camargue, France). Environmental Pollution, 157:2493-2506. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.016
Sarkar, A., Nagarajan, R., Chaphadkar, S., Pal, S., Singbal, S.Y.S., 1997. Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India. Water Research, 31:195-200. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00210-2
Şahin, Y., 2011. AB ve İş Dünyası: Balıkçılık Sektörü. Iktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. 38, 1-12.
Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, 1995. Su ürünleri yönetmeliği. 22223 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
TCV (Türkiye Çevre Vakfı), 1998. Türkiye de Çevre Sorunları99, 464s.
Tolosa, I., Mesa-Albernas, M., Alonso-Hernandez, C.M., 2010. Organochlorine contamination PCBs, DDTs, HCB, HCHs in sediments from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60:1619-1624. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.008
Turabi, M. S., 2007. Bitki Koruma Ürünlerinin Ruhsatlandırılması. Tarım İlaçları Kongre ve Sergisi Bildirileri, 25- 26 Ekim 2007, Ankara, 50-61.
UNEP/IOC/IAEA/FAO, 1990. Reference Method No 57: Contaminant monitoring programs using marine organisms: Quality assurance and good laboratory practice. UNEP.
UNEP/IOC/IAEA/FAO, 1991. Reference Method No 12 Rev.2. Sampling of selected marine organisms and sample preparation fort he analysis of chlorinated hyrocarbons. UNEP.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2009. Stockholm Convention on POPs; http://www.pops.int.
USEPA, 1999. Great lakes binational toxics strategy: draft report on level substances in the binational toxics strategy.
Wan, Y., Hu, J., Liu, J., An, W., Tao, S., Jia, Z., 2005. Fate of DDT-related compounds in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Haihe Basin, North China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50:439-445.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.037
Wasswa J., Kiremire B.T., Nkedi-Kizza P., Mbabazi J., Ssebugere, P., 2011. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the Uganda side of Lake Victoria. Chemosphere, 82:130-136. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.043
WHO, 2003. GreenFacts: Scientific Facts on PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls. http://www.greenfacts.org/en/pcbs/l-2/7-risks-exposure.htm#2]
Wiberg, P.L., Harris, C.K., 2002. Desorption of p,p-DDE from sediment during resuspension events on the Palos Verdes shelf, California: a modeling approach. Continental Shelf Research, 22:1005-1023. doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00117-0
Yilgor, S., Kucuksezgin F., Özel, E., 2012. Assessment of Metal Concentrations in Sediments from Lake Bafa(Western Anatolia): An Inlex Analysis Approach. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89:512-518. doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0699-3
Zhang, G., Parker, A., House, A., Mai, B.X., Li, X.D.H., Kang, Y., Wang, Z.S., 2002. Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Science & Technology, 36:3671-3677. doi: 10.1021/es0102888
Zhao A., Wu Z. J., Fan C., Shang, J., 2010. Assessment of the potential mutagenicity of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in contaminated sediments from Taihu Lake, China. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 696:62-68. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.12.013
Zhou, R., Zhu, L., Chen, Y., Kong, Q., 2008. Concentrations and characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic biota from Qiantang River in China. Environmental Pollution, 151:190-199. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.02.015