Roma Dönemi Cam Çubuklarının Kozmetik Alanda Kullanımı Üzerine: Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Genel Anlayışa Alternatif Yaklaşımlar

Cam çubukların üretimi ve kullanımı, Roma Dönemi’nde yaygınlık göstermektedir. Kazı kontekstleri ile müze ve özel koleksiyonlarda çok sayıda örnekleri tespit edilmiştir. Serbest şekillendirme tekniği kullanılarak oluşturulan bu eserler, çoğunlukla açık mavi ve yeşil camdan üretilmişlerdir. Literatürde cam çubukların, özellikle kozmetik alanında karıştırma ve sürme çubukları olarak kullanımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu yaygın anlayış, benzer formlara sahip, fakat farklı kullanım alanı ve işlevi olabilecek türdeki cam çubukların da kozmetik ürünleri alanında ele alınmasına sebep olmuştur. Böylelikle kullanım alanı ve yapısal fonksiyonları kesin olarak belirlenememiş eserler, genellikle kozmetik eserler kapsamında değerlendirilerek basit bir şekilde tanımlanmış ve sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu bakımdan çalışmamızda cam çubukların kozmetik alanı haricinde aksesuar, yazı aracı, mimari ve tekstil gibi alanlarda da kullanıldığı belirtilerek çubukların farklı alanlarda ve işlevlerde kullanıldığı konusuna eğilim gösterilmiştir. Bu amaçla, cam çubukların hem kullanım alanı ve işlevinin belirlenmesi hem de müzelerde bulunan benzer eserlerin tanım ve sınıflandırma özelliklerinin gözden geçirilmesi gerekliliğine dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Roma, Cam, Kozmetik, Tıp, Aksesuar, Mimari, Tekstil., Rome, Glass, Cosmetics, Medicine, Accessories, Architecture, Textile.

ON THE USE OF ROMAN PERIOD GLASS RODS IN COSMETICS: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO GENERAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE LIGHT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA

During the Roman period, the production and use of glass rods were widespread. Numerous archaeological contexts and examples have been discovered in museums and private collections. The majority of these works, which were created utilizing the free-shaping technique, are composed of light blue and green glass. The literature emphasizes the use of glass rods as stirring and spatula rods, particularly in the cosmetics industry. This widespread understanding has led to the evaluation of glass rods, which have similar forms but different uses and functions, in the field of cosmetic products. Thus, artifacts whose utilization area and structural functions could not be completely specified were characterized and categorized in a simple manner, typically by evaluating them within the realm of cosmetic aesthetics. In this regard, our study indicates that glass rods are utilized in fields such as accessories, writing instruments, architecture, and textiles, in addition to the field of cosmetics, and it has been demonstrated that the rods serve a variety of purposes. For this purpose, attention was drawn to the necessity of determining the usage area and function of glass rods and reviewing the definition and classification features of similar artifacts in museums.

Keywords:

Rome, Glass, Cosmetics, Medicine, Accessories, Architecture, Textile.,

PDF

___

AKAT, Y. FIRATLI, N. & KOCABAŞ, H. (1984). Hüseyin Kocabaş Koleksiyonu Cam Eserler Kataloğu, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
AKKAŞ, İ. (2016). Parion Roma Tiyatrosu 2006-2015 Yılı Çalışmaları, Mimarisi ve Buluntuları. C. Başaran & H. E. Ergürer, Parion Tiyatrosu Kemik Objeleri, (pp. 245-254). İÇDAŞ A.Ş.
ALVAREZ, C. M. D. R. (2006). Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak. K. Kroper, M. Chlodnicki, & M. Kobusiewicz, Prednastic Hairpins and Combs from the Necropolis of Nagada: Preliminary Conclusions, (pp. 781-788). Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa Studies in Africa Archaeological Museum.
AYTAÇ, İ. (2018). Harput İç Kale Kazılarında 2015-2017 Sezonlarında Bulunan Bir Grup Kemik Esere İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 76, pp. 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.13937 BARBER, E. J. W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in The Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
BARTUS, D. (2012). Fırkak II. Fiatal Romai Koros Kutatok II. Konferenciakötete. S. Biro-Szilvia, & V. Peter, Roman Hairpins Representing Human Hands, Typology and Symbolism, (pp. 205-233). Kiado: Mursella Regeszeti Egyesület.
BERNARD-KNAPP. A. (1991). Spice, Drugs, Grainand Grog: Organic Goods in Bronze Age East Mediterranean Trade. Jonsered, Paul Aströms Förlag, 90, pp. 21-68. https://www.academia.edu/1051855/Spice_drugs_grain_and_grog_organic_goods_in_Bronze_Age_east_Mediterranean_trade
BERNET, S. P. (1979). The Constable- Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass, London: New Bond Street. BRUNSTING, H. (1936). Het Grafveldon der Heesbij Nijmegen, Amsterdam: N. V. Noord Hollandsche Uitgevers-Mij.
CANAV, Ü. (1985). Cam Eserler Koleksiyonu, İstanbul: Çağdaş Yayıncılık ve Basın Sanayi A.Ş.
CORTI, C. & SANFELICI, M. (2018). Textiles and Dyes in the Mediterranean Economy and Society. M.S. Busana, M. Gleba, F. Meo, & A.R. Tricomi, Bone Needles and Textile Production During Roman Times: A New Proposal (pp. 525-530). Libros Portico.
COOL, H. E. M. (1990). Roman Metal Hairpins from Southern Britain. Archaeological Journal, 147, pp. 148-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1990.11077943
CRUMMY, N. (1983). Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-9, Colchester: Archaeological Trust Ltd.
COŞKUN, H. T. (2019). Özel Bir Koleksiyonun Düşündürdükleri: Koray Selçik Koleksiyonu Cam Eserlerinden Örnekler. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, XXVIII, s. 549-569. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.606459
ÇAKMAKLI, Ö. D. (2007). Uşak Arkeoloji Müzesinde Korunan Roma Dönem’ine Ait Cam Eserler, (Unpublished Master Thesis). Ankara Üniversitesi.
ÇELİKBAŞ, E. (2020). Tokat Müzesi Bronz Eserleri, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
DANKOVIC, D. I. (2019). Burial Of A Woman With An Amber Dıstaff At Viminacium. СТАРИНАР, LXIX, s. 215-229. https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1969215D
DEMİREL-GÖKALP, Z. (2015). Amorium Antik Kenti Kazı Çalışmaları: Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı İzleri, 2015 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. https://www.ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/9-Amorium.pdf
EROL, A. F. & TAMER, D. (2012). Fatsa Cıngırt Kayası 2012-2014 Sezonu Kazılarından Ele Geçen Ağırlıklar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler. TÜBA-AR, 15, pp. 115-138. https://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/yayinlar/tuba-ar/T%C3%9CBA-AR%20Say%C4%B115.pdf
ERTEN, E. (2018). Silifke Müzesi Cam Kataloğu, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür-Sanat.
FACSADY, A. R. (2008). Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 8/2008. M. Novotna, W. Jobst, M. Dufkova and K. Kuzmova, Glass Distaff From Aquincum: Symbol or Tool?, (pp. 165-173). Nitra: University of Trnava.
FLEMING, S. J. (1997). Roman Glass, Reflections of Everday Life, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
GLEBA, M. & MANNERING, U. (2012). Textiles and Textile Production in Europe From Prehistory to AD 400. M. Gleba & U. Mannering, Textile Preservation, Analysis and Technology, (pp. 1-24). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
GOLDSTEIN, S. M. (1979). Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass Corning, New York: Corning Museum of Glass.
GORIN-ROSEN, Y. & KATSNELSON, N. (2007). Local Glass Production in the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Periods in Light of the Glass Finds From Khirbat El-Nı’Ana. Atiqot, 57, pp. 73-154. https://www.cmog.org/library/local-glass-production-late-roman-early-byzantine-periods-light-glass-finds-khirbat-el-niana
GOSTENCNIK, K. (2012). Textiles and Textile Production in Europe From Prehistory to AD 400. M. Gleba & U. Mannering, Austria: Roman Period. In: Margarita GLEBA-Ulla Mannering, (pp. 65-88). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
GROSE, D. F. (1989). The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass, New York: Hudson Hills Press. GROSSMANN, R. A. (2002). Ancient Glass a Guide to the Yale Collection, New Hawen: Yale University Art Gallery.
GÜRLER, B. (2000). Tire Müzesi Cam Eserleri, Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Milli Kütüphane Basımevi.
HAMONIC, P. L. M. (1900). La Chirurgie et la Medecine D’autrefois D’apresune Premiere Seria D’instruments Anciens Renfermes Dans Mes Collections, Paris: A. Maloin.
HAYES, J. W. (1975). Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
HORSTER, P. C. (1976). Antike Glaser, Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling.
HRNCIARIK, E. (2017). Bone and Antler Artefacts From The Roman Fort At Iza, Nitra: Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
ISINGS, C. (1957). Roman Glass From Dated Finds, Groningen: J. B. Wolters. ISINGS, C. (1970). Catalogus Van Het Romeins Glas in het Bonnefanten museum te Maastricht, Holland: Bonnefanten museum / Limburgs Museum voor Kunst en Oudheden, Maastricht.
ISINGS, C. (1971). Roman Glass in Limburg, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
KARACA, E. (2012). İsmail Fazlıoğlu Anı Kitabı. Şahin, I, Allianoi’da Bulunmuş Kemik Ağırşak ve Örekeler (pp. 133-138). Bizim Büro Basımevi.
KARAOĞLAN, H. (2019). Seyitömer Höyük Orta Tunç Çağı’na Ait Konik Formlu Ağırşaklar. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8, 3, pp. 191-203. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ssrj/issue/47195/523124
KASSAB-TEZGÖR, D. (2015). Antik Anadolu’nun Tanıkları: Muharrem Kayhan Koleksiyonu, Antik Çağ’da Yunanistan ve Anadolu’da Ev, Eğitim ve Boş Zamanlar, (pp. 40-59). İzmir: Arkaş Sanat Merkezi.
KELLEY, M. (2012). The Fabric From This Group Was More Varied and İncluded More Deeplytinted Glass as well as Colorless or Naturally-Tonedpiece, (Unpublished Thesis), Jerusalem University College.
KEYER, D. (2019). Inscription on a Roman Stylus from London. N. Almazova, S. Egorova, and D. Keyer, Hyperboreus Studies Classica (pp. 340-350). Petropoli: Bibliotheca Classica Petropolitana Verlag C. H. Beck München.
KÖROĞLU, G. (2004). Anadolu Uygarlıklarında Takı, İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
KUCHARCZYK, R. (2007). Early Roman Glass From Marina El-Alamein. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, pp. 93-99. https://www.academia.edu/38427446/Early_Roman_glass_from_Marina_el_Alamein_pdf.
LEVY, J. & GILEAD, I. (2012). Spinning in the 5th millennium in the Southern Levant: Aspect of the Textile Economy. Paleorient 38, No 1/2, pp. 127-139. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286879079_Spinning_in_the_5th_Millennium_in_the_Southern_Levant_Aspects_of_the_Textile_Economy
LIGHTFOOT, C. S. & ARSLAN, M. (1992). Anadolu Antik Camları, Yüksel Erimtan Koleksiyonu, Ankara: Ünal Offset Ltd. Şti.
MacGREGOR, A. (1976). Finds from a Roman Sewer System and an Adjacent Building in Church Street, New York: Published by Council For British Archaeology.
MARSHALL, M. (2017). Lucerna: The Newsletter of the Roman Finds Group, 53. M. Fittock, Stained Bone Hairpins From Roman London, (pp. 6-19). London: Museum of London.
MARSHALL, M. (2018). Roman small finds, glass and leather from excavations at the Broad gateticketh all site, Liverpool Street (XSM10), London: Mortimer Wheeler House.
MEYER, C. (1992). Glass From Quesir Al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade, Chiago: The Oriental Institute.
MILNE, G. & WARDLE, A. (1992). Early Roman Development at Leadenhall Court, London and Related Research, Academic Journal Off Print from-London & Middlesex Archaeology, 43, pp. 25-169. https://www.colat.org.uk/_assets/doc/early-roman-leadenhall-court.pdf
MOJCA, V. G. (2012). Annales Du 19 Congres De L’association Internationale Pour L’histoire Du Verre. I. Lazer, Glass Finds From Poetovio Grave at Ljudski Vrt, (pp. 264-270). Thessaloniki: AIHV.
MULLEN, A. AND BOWMAN, A. (2021). Manual of Roman Everyday Writing, Vol.1, Scripts and Texts, Nottingham: Latin Nowe Pubs.
NEUBURG, P. (1962). Ancient Glass, London: Barrie & Rockliff Books.
OLIVER J. R. A. (1980). Ancient Glass in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, United Stated of America: Carnegie Institute.
ÖZET, A. (1998). Dipten Gelen Parıltı, Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Milli Kütüphane Basımevi.
ÖZARSLAN, A. S. (2015). Teke Yöresi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 1, (04-06 Mart 2015), Ş.K. Nas, Kibyra’dan Ele Geçen Cam Eser Örnekleri, (pp. 699-712). Antalya: Asude Ofset Matbaa Hizmetleri.
PETCU, R. & PETCU LEVEI, I. (2022). Glass Distaff Discovered in Roman Tombs From Dobrudja (Romania)-Moesia Inferior. Symbolism And Use. Inmediasresantiquorum. Miscellanea in honoremannos LXV Peragetis Professoris Costel Chiriacoblat, Cluj-Napoca, s. https://www.academia.edu/78427965/GLASS_DISTAFFS_DISCOVERED_IN_ROMAN_TOMBS_FROM_DOBRUDJA_ROMANIA_MOESIA_INFERIOR_SYMBOLISM_AND_USE
Plin. (= G. Plinius Secundus “Yaşlı”, Naturalis Historia) Text and Translation Used: Pliny Natural History. H. R. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz I-X, Maa (Çev.). London, 1938-1971.
RATIDU, A. (2016). Venus Pudica on A Bone Distaff From Capidava. Cercetări Arheologice, XXIII, MNIR, pp. 137–150. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341663827_Venus_pudica_on_a_bone_distaff_from_Capidava
RCHM (1962). Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, Eburacum: Roman York.
Von SALDERN, A. V. (1980). Ancient ve Byzantine Glass from Sardeis, London: Harvard University Press.
SALVEMINI, F., GRAZZI, F., ANGELINI, I., VONTOBEL, P., VIGONI, A., ARTIOLI, G. & ZOPPI, M. (2014). Morphological reconstruction of Roman arrow heads from Iulia Concordia: Italy. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1221-1240. https://www.academia.edu/20766224/Morphological_reconstruction_of_Roman_arrowheads_from_Iulia_Concordia_Italy
SAVUAGE, C. (2014). Prehistoric, Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Textiles and Dress. M. Harlow, C. Michel, & Nosch, M.L, Spindles and Distaffs: Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Eastern Mediterranean Use of Solid and Tapered Ivory / Bone Shafts (pp. 184-224). Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
SHATIL, A. (2020). The Bone Objects From Strata V-I, IAA Reports, No. 66/3 Jerusalem Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Givati Parking Lot) Vol. II. D. Ben-Ami, & Y. Tchekhanovets, The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods Part 3: Complementary Studies of Various Finds, 21, (pp. 731-786). Israel Antiquities Authority Publications Department.
SIMPSON, J. (2004). Central Asia From the Achaemenids to the Timurids Archaeology, History, Ethnology, Culture. V. P. Nikonorov, Glass and Small Finds From Sasanian Contexs at the Ancient City-Site of Merv, (pp. 232-238). Petersburg: Institute of the History of Material Culture RAS.
SILVESTRINI, D. (1940). La Necropoli Romana di Tenero. Rivista Storica Ticinese, 14, pp. 322-331. https://apsat.mpasol.it/biblio/?q=biblio/author/Silvestri&order=reozaebz
SIMONETT, C. (1941). Tessiner Gräberfelder. Ausgrabungendes archäologischen Arbeitsdienstes in Solduno, Locarno-Muralto, Minusio und Stabio 1936 und 1937. Monographienzur Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Schweiz, Band III. Basel: E. Birkhauser & Cie.
SOSLU, A. (2022). Investigation of the Historical Development of the Inkwell From Antiquity to the Present in the Light of Terracotta, Faience, Metal and Glass Artifacts. Kafkas University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 30, 397-415.
STEPHENS, J. (2015). Ancient Roman Hairdressing: on (hair) Pinsand Needles. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 21, pp. 110-132. https://www.academia.edu/31430226/_Ancient_Roman_hairdressing_on_hair_pins_and_needles_
ŞİMŞEK, M. (2013). Kibyra Yer Altı Oda Mezarları: Mimari ve Tipoloji, (Unpublished Master Thesis). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. TAIT, H. (1991). Five Thousands Years of Glass, British: University of Pennsylvania Press.
TAMSÜ, R. & AKCA, S. (2002). II. Uluslararası Eskişehir Pişmiş Toprak Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Eski Çağ’da Dokumacılığın Başlangıcı ve Pişmiş Toprak Dokuma Aletleri, (pp. 201-209). Publication of Eskişehir Tepebaşı Municipality.
TAŞTEMÜR, E. (2007). Klaros Cam Eserleri, (Unpublished Master Thesis). Trakya Üniversitesi.
TAŞTEMÜR, E. (2015). Eski Çağ’da Tıp’ta Cam Kullanımına İlişkin Gözlem ve Kanıtlar. Selevcia Ad Calycadnvm, pp. 31-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seleucia/issue/54866/751416.
TAŞTEMÜR, E. & GÜRLER, B. (2019). Doğu Trakya Müzeleri Cam Eserleri, Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
TEK, A. T. (2007). Arykanda’da Bulunan Antik Cam Eserlere Genel Bir Bakış. Seres’07. IV. Uluslararası Katılımlı Seramik, Cam, Emaye, Sır ve Boya Semineri, pp. 153-168.
TROWBRIDGE, M. L. (1930). Philological Studies in Ancient glass, Studies in Language and Literatüre, VIII, Illionis: University of Illionis Press.
UZEL, İ. (2000). Anadolu’da Bulunan Antik Tıp Aletleri, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
ÜNAL, C., ÖZCİHAN, İ. & TOY, M. (2021). A Group of Roman and Late Antique Bone Objects Found in Ancient Tralleis. ADALYA, 24, 269-297. https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1036711
WHITEHOUSE, D. (2003). Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, 3, New York: Hudson Hills.
WILTSHSIRE, R. (2021). The Damon Collection: Canterbury Museum’s Roman Glass. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 35, pp. 11-152. https://www.canterburymuseum.com/assets/ DownloadFiles/Wiltshire-vW.pdf
WILLI, A. (2021). Manuel of Roman Everyday Writing, Writing Equipment, 2, Nottingham: Latin Now e PUBS.
WOODBURY, W. A. (1911). Beauty Culture: A Practical Handbook on the Care of the Person, G.W. Dillingham Company.
VARGA, T. (2015). Medical Instruments in Roman Dacia: A Survey Beyond Typology And Functionality. I. Piso, E. Dachim-Beu, I. Nemeti, F. Popescu-Matei, F. Marcu & V. Bolindet-Rusu, Acta Musei Napocensis, 52/I, Prehistory-Ancient History-Archaeology, (pp. 183-204). Cluj-Napoca: MEGA Print SRL.
VESBERG, O. & WESTHOLM, A. (1956). The Swedish Cyprus expedition. The Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Cyprus, 4, 3, Stockholm: The Swedish Cyprus expedition.
VİTTO, F. (2010). A Burial Cave From the Third-Early Fourth Centuries CE at Iqrit, Atigot, 62, pp. 59-96. https://www.atiqot.org.il/ArticleList.aspx?id=4
YILDIRIM, R. (1989). Urartu İğneleri, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.