YAŞLILIK TEORİLERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE AKTİF YAŞLANMAYI DESTEKLEYEN MEKÂNSAL DÜZENLEMELER

Tüm dünyada yaşanan hızlı yaşlanma, toplumun nüfus oranlarını ve sosyal yapıyı değiştirmektedir. Değişim, ülkelerin demografik yapıları kadar aile yapılarını ve toplumsal hayatta da bir takım yapısal dönüşümlere neden olmaktadır. Konu pek çok yönüyle uzmanlar tarafından ele alınarak yaşlılık kuramları ve yaklaşımları üretilmiştir. Bireyin yaş aldıkça da azalmaya başlayan ‘işlev kapasitesinin düşüşü’ yaşlılığın dikkat çekici sorunudur. Fiziksel faktörler kadar sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik faktörler de yaş alanların yaşamlarını etkilemekte, yetişkinlik döneminde yüksek olan ‘fonksiyonun sürdürülebilme kapasite aralığı’ yaşlılıkla birlikte açılmakta böylece ‘işlevsel kapasite’ de düşmektedir. Yaşlılık kuramlarından olan “aktif yaşlanma”, yaş alan bireylerin homojen bir gruba sahip olmamaları nedeniyle yaş aldıkça fiziksel kısıtlama/yetersizliklerindeki artışı ortaya koymaktadır. Yaklaşım, yaşam sürecinin sağlıklı ve faal geçirilmesini mümkün kılmak üzere, kentsel çevrenin de ‘aktif yaşlanmayı destekleme kapasitesini’ önemsenmektedir. Yazarın doktora tezinden üretilen çalışma aracılığıyla aktif yaşlanmayı destekleyen evrensel tasarım ve erişebilirlik gibi düzenlemelerin, daha yaşanır kentsel fiziki çevreye ve toplumsal yaşama sunduğu katkıların ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yaşlanma, Yaşlılık Kuramları, Aktif Yaşlanma, Erişebilirlik, Evrensel Tasarım.

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING ACTIVE AGEING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEORIES OF AGEING

Rapid ageing all over the world is changing the population rates and social structure of the society. The change causes some structural transformations in family structures and social life as well as demographic structures of countries. The subject has been handled by experts in many aspects and theories and approaches to old age have been produced. The 'decline in functional capacity', which starts to decrease as the individual gets older, is the remarkable problem of old age. Social, environmental and economic factors, as well as physical factors, affect the lives of the older persons, and the 'capacity range for maintaining function', which is high in adulthood, opens with old age, thus 'functional capacity' decreases. "Active ageing", which is one of the theories of ageing, reveals the increase in physical limitations/inadequacies as ageing individuals get older because they do not have a homogenous group. The approach also emphasises the 'capacity of the urban environment to support active ageing' in order to enable a healthy and active life course. Through the study, which is produced from the author's doctoral thesis, it is aimed to reveal the contributions of arrangements such as universal design and accessibility that support active ageing to a more livable urban physical environment and social life.

Keywords:

Ageing, Theories of Ageing, Active Ageing, Accessibility, Universal Design.,

PDF

___

Akyıldız, N. A. and Akbaş, E. (2020). Shaping Urban Morphology of Age-Friendly City Criteria. Journal of Social Work, 4(12), 16-22.
Akyıldız, N. A. and Olgun, T. N. (2020). Examination of Elderly and Persons with Disabilities Accessibility in Traditional Buildings: Malatya-Balaban Traditional Houses Example. Journal of Social Policy Studies, Accessibility Special Issue (1), 31-48.
Arpacı, F. (2005). Different Dimensions of Old Age. Education and Culture Publications of Turkish Labour Retirees Association: Ankara.
Aygün, E., Korkut, A. and Kiper, T. (2018). Investigation of Accessibility to Urban Outdoor Spaces for Person with a Disability Individuals: Tekirdağ Case. Artium, 6(2), 20-32. Canatan, A. (2007). On Old Age and Retirement. Religion and Society, (1), 70-76.
Canatan, A. (2008). Social Aspects of Old Age. Palme Publishing: Ankara.
Çetinkaya, E. (2011). Social Support and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Retired Individuals. Master Thesis. Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
Dülger, İ. (2012). The Changing View of Ageing in the World and Türkiye, Changing Policies and Developing Active Ageing Concept. 18-24 March Respect for the Elderly Week.
Gubrium, J. (1973). The Myth of The Golden Years; A Socio-Environmental Theory of Ageing. Thomas Publication: Illinois.
Hablemitoğlu, Ş. ve Özmete, E. (2010). Yaşlı Refahı: Yaşlılar İçin Sosyal Hizmet. Kilit Publication: Istanbul.
Hooyman, N. ve Kiyak, A. (2003). Social Theory, Social Policy and Ageing. Open University Press: United Kingdom.
Hooyman, N. ve Kiyak, A. (2005). Social Gerontology: A Multi Disciplinary Perspective. Eds. Allyn ve Bacon, 7. Baskı, Pearson Education, Boston.
Elmacı, D. and Ergin, S. (2015). Examples of Active Ageing and Intergenerational Solidarity in Food for Body, Soul and Mind Project. Proceedings of Older Persons Friendly Cities Symposium, Afşar Publishing: Ankara.
Emiroğlu, V. (1995). Old Age and Social Cohesion of the Older Persons. Başkent Publishing: Ankara.
Gaudie, E. (1974). Cruel Habitations: A History of Working Class Housing. Allen & Urwin Publishing: London.
Gubrium, J. (1973). The Myth of The Golden Years; A Socio-Environmental Theory of Ageing. Thomas Publication: Illinois.
Hablemitoğlu, Ş. and Özmete, E. (2010). Older Persons Welfare: Social Service for the Older Persons. Kilit Publications: Istanbul.
Hooyman, N. and Kiyak, A. (2003). Social Theory, Social Policy and Ageing. Open University Press: United Kingdom.
Hooyman, N. and Kiyak, A. (2005). Social Gerontology: A Multi Disciplinary Perspective. Eds. Allyn and Bacon, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, Boston.
İçli, G. (2008). Older Persons and Adult Children. Journal of Research on Elderly Problems (1), 28-32.
Karatağ, H. and Akyıldız, N. A. (2019). Evaluation of the Sustainability of Long-Term Elderly Care in Europe's Demographic Transformation. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 19(44), 571-595.
Krespi, M. (1993). An Investigation of the Relationship of Life Events and Social Support with Depression in Dialysis Patients. Master's Thesis, Boğaziçi University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
Lynch, K. (2014). City Image. Trans. İ.Başaran, Türkiye Iş Bank Culture Publications: Istanbul.
Minkler, M. and Estes, C. (1984). Readings in the Political Economy of Ageing. 1st ed. Routledge.
Onur, B. (1995). Developmental Psychology. Imge Publications: Ankara.
Ozdemir, B. (2017). The Effect of Urban Design Criteria on the Perceptual Atmosphere of Space. MTD International Journal of Refereed Design and Architecture, 1(11), 73-90.
Phillipson, C. (1982). Capitalism and the Construction of Old Age. The Macmillan Press: Hong Kong.
Sığın, A. (2016). Old Age in Türkiye in the Context of Working Life and Pension. Pamukkale University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 25(1), 87-101.
Torun, A. (1995). An Investigation on the Relationship between Burnout, Family Structure and Social Support. PhD Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
TUIK (2023). Life Expectancy at Birth. Web: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayat-Tablolari-2019-2021-45592 (Access Date:25.08.2023).
Tutal, O. (2015). Old Age, Living Environment and Universal Design. Older Persons Friendly Cities Symposium Proceedings Book, Afşar Publishing: Ankara.
Expectations on Old Age in Türkiye (2011). T.C. Ministry of Family and Social Services General Directorate of Family and Community Services Publishing: Ankara.
UDEP (2014). ASP General Directorate of Persons with Disabilities and Elderly Services, Accessibility Support Project.
Walker, A. and Maltby, T. (2011). The Elderly. Social Policy Theories and Practices Trans. O. Tezgel, Ekinoks Publishing: Ankara.
World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Healty ICF 2001 Web: http://www.adaptiveenvironments.org/ (Access Date:01.02.2021).
World Health Organization (2002). Active Ageing: A Policy Framework. World Health Organization, Madrid.
World Health Organization (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities: A Guide. Web: http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Global_age_friendly_cities_Guide_English.pdf (Access Date:04.01.2021).
World Health Organization (2015). Sustainability and Age Inclusiveness in the Urban Environment. Web: http://www.un.org/en/events/olderpersonsday/ (Access Date:03.01.2022).
World Health Organization (2015). Definition of an older or elderly person. Web: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/ (Access Date:03.01.2021)
World Health Organization (2015). Facts about Ageing. Web: http://www.who.int/ageing/about/facts/en/ (Access Date:03.07.2020).