Kadercilik, Sağlık Davranışı ve Covid-19: Bir Literatür İncelemesi

Sağlık davranışında kaderciliğin etkilerini anlamak, uygulanacak sağlık politikalarını belirlemek için önemlidir. Çeşitli hastalıklar üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, kadercilik ve sağlık arasında negatif yönde bir ilişki olduğunu, kaderciliğin önleyici sağlık davranışlarını olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Covid-19 salgınında kaderciliğin etkileri sınırlı sayıda araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünyada ve Türkiye’de kadercilik ve sağlık davranışları ilişkisini konu alan araştırma verilerinin değerlendirilmesi yoluyla Covid-19 salgınında kaderciliğin mevcut ve olası etkilerini tartışmaktır. Bu amaçla dünyada ve Türkiye’de kadercilik ve sağlık davranışını konu alan araştırmaların bir incelemesi yapılmıştır. Sağlık davranışında kaderciliği hem bağımlı hem de bağımsız değişken olarak ele alan çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Sağlıkta kaderciliği bağımlı değişken olarak ele alan çalışmalar, din, ırk/etnisite, eğitim, sosyal sınıf, sosyo-ekonomik statü, cinsiyet, yaş, bilgi eksikliği gibi çeşitli demografik ve kültürel özelliklerle; bağımsız değişken olarak ele alan çalışmalar ise kontrol odağı, öz yeterlik, sağlık sorunlarıyla başa çıkma biçimi, sağlığı tehdit edici davranışlar, erken tanıya, tarama testlerine ve tedaviye yönelik davranışlar gibi değişkenlerle ilişkili olarak incelemişlerdir. Covid-19 ve sağlıkta kadercilik üzerine yapılan çalışmalar az sayıda olmakla birlikte, bunların tamamı, kaderciliğin salgına karşı önleyici davranışlara negatif etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu inceleme, bir sağlık inancı olarak kaderciliğin sağlık davranışında etkilerini anlamanın öneminin altını çizmektedir. Kadercilik, sağlık davranışlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemekte, dolayısıyla önlenebilir hastalıkların yaygınlaşmasında bir etken oluşturmaktadır. Covid-19 gibi bulaşıcı hastalıklarda ve salgınlarda ise, önleyici davranışın uygulanmaması salgının kontrol altına alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle kaderciliğe neden olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve bu çerçevede kaderci inançlar ile mücadele edilmesi salgınla mücadele kapsamında büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sağlık Psikolojisi, Kadercilik, Sağlık, Covid-19, Önleyici Davranış

Fatalism, Health Behavior and Covid-19: A Literature Review

Understanding the effects of fatalism on health behavior is important for determining health policies to be implemented. Research on various diseases shows that there is a negative relationship between fatalism and health, and that fatalism negatively affects preventive health behaviors. However, the effects of fatalism in the Covid-19 outbreak have been the subject of limited research. The purpose of this study is to discuss the current and possible effects of fatalism in the Covid-19 pandemic through the evaluation of research data on the relationship between fatalism and health behaviors in the world and in Turkey. For this purpose, a review of the studies on fatalism and health behavior in the world and in Turkey was conducted. There are many studies that consider fatalism in health behavior as both a dependent and an independent variable. Studies that consider fatalism in health as a dependent variable are based on various demographic and cultural characteristics such as religion, race/ethnicity, education, social class, socio-economic status, gender, age and lack of knowledge. On the other hand, studies that take it as an independent variable examined it in relation to variables such as locus of control, self-efficacy, coping with health problems, health-threatening behaviors, and behaviours towards early diagnosis, screening tests and treatment. Although there are few studies on Covid-19 and fatalism in health, all of them have shown that fatalism has negative effects on preventive behavior against the pandemic. This review highlights the importance of understanding the effects of fatalism as a health belief on health behavior. Fatalism negatively affects health behaviors, thus constitutes a factor in the prevalence of preventable diseases. In infectious diseases and pandemics such as Covid-19, failure to implement preventive behavior, makes it difficult to control the pandemic. For this reason, determining the factors that cause fatalism and struggling with fatalistic believes within this framework are of great importance in the fight against the pandemic.

Keywords:

Health Psychology, Fatalism, Health, Covid-19, Preventive Behavior,

PDF

___

Abraido-Lanza, A.F., Viladrich, A., Florez, K.R., Cespedes, A., Aguirre, A.N. & De La Cruz, A.A. (2007). Commentary: Fatalism Reconsidered: A Cautionary Note For Health-Related Research and Practice With Latino Populations, Ethn Dis, 17, 153–158.
Acevedo, G.A. (2005). Turning Anomie on Its Head: Fatalism as Durkheim's Concealed and Multidimensional Alienation Theory, Sociological Theory, 23, 75-85.
Acevedo, G.A. (2008). Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory, Social Forces, 86(4), 1711-1752.
Akesson, J., Ashworth-Hayes, S., Hahn, R., Metcalfe, R.D. & Rasooly, I. (2020). Fatalism, Beliefs, and Behaviors During The COVID-19 Pandemic, (No. w27245). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. 27245, May. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27245
Arıkan, Z., Çepik Kuruoğlu, A., Beler, N., Oral, N., Ekim, N.N., Köktürk, O. & Levent, E. (2000). Tüberküloz Olgularında Hastalığın Algılanması ve Kişilik Özellikleri, Kriz Dergisi, 8, 39-45. Au, E.W.M., Chiu, C., Chaturvedi, A., Mallorie, L., Viswanathan, M., Zhang, Z.X. & Savani, K. (2011). Maintaining Faith in Agency Under Immutable Constraints: Cognitive Consequences of Believing in Negotiable Fate, International Journal of Psychology, 46(6), 463–474.
Aydoğdu, N.G., Çapık, C., Ersin, F., Kıssal, A. & Bahar, Z. (2017). The Reliability and Validity of Prostate Cancer Fatalism Inventory in Turkish Language, Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 1670-1682.
Bachem, R., Tsur, N., Levin, Y., Abu-Raiya, H. & Maercker, A. (2020). Negative Affect, Fatalism, and Perceived Institutional Betrayal in Times of the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Control Beliefs, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 589914.
Bakan, A.B., Aslan, G. & Yıldız, M. (2020). Determination of Breast Cancer Fatalism in Women and the Investigation of the Relationship Between Women's Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test Health Beliefs with Religious Orientation and Fatalism, J Relig Health.
Balsham, M. (1991). Cancer, Control, and Causality: Talking about Cancer in a Working-Class Community, American Ethnologist, 18(1), 152-72.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavior Change, Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. Bell, A.V. & Hetterly, E. (1982). "There's a Higher Power, but He Gave Us a Free Will": Socioeconomic Status and the Intersection of Agency and Fatalism in Infertility, Social Science & Medicine, 114, 66-72.
Bobov, G & Çapık, C. (2018). The Reliability and Validity of the Religious Health Fatalism Scale in Turkish Language, Journal of Religion and Health, 2018, 1-16.
Bogolyubova, O., Fernandez, A.S-M., Lopez, B. T. & Portelli, P. (2021). Traumatic Impact of The COVID-19 Pandemic in an International Sample: Contribution of Fatalism to Psychological Distress and Behavior Change, European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(2), 100219.
Briscese, G., Lacetera, N., Macis, M. & Tonin, M. (2020). Expectations, Reference Points, and Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Measures, NBER Working Papers 26916, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Chavez, L.R., Hubbell, F.A., Mishra, S.I. & Valdez, R.B. (1997). The Influence of Fatalism on Self-Reported Use of Papanicolaou Smears, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 13(6), 418–24.
Cobran, E.K., Wutoh, A.K., Lee, E., Odedina, F.T., Ragin, C, Aiken, W. & Godley, P. (2014). Perceptions of Prostate Cancer Fatalism and Screening Behavior Between United States Born and Caribbean-Born Black Males. J Immigr Minor Health, 16(3), 394–400.
Cohn, L., Villar, O. E. & Armando, O. (2015). Fatalism and Health Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review. Colección Reportes Técnicos de Investigación ISBN: 978-607-7953-80-7. Serie ICSA, Vol. 26.
Davison, C., Frankel, S. & Smith, G.D. (1992). The Limits Of Lifestyle: Reassessing ‘Fatalism’ in The Popular Culture of Illness Prevention, Social Science and Medicine, 34(6), 675–85.
Dayapoğlu, N., Ayyıldız, N. İ. & Şeker, D. (2020). Determination of Health Fatalism and The Factors Affecting Health Fatalism in Patients with Epilepsy in the North of Turkey, Epilepsy and Behavior, 115.
Drew, E.M., & Schoenberg, N.E. (2011). Deconstructing Fatalism: Ethnographic Perspectives on Women’s Decision Making About Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Med Anthropol Q, 25(2), 164–182.
Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide, translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, Glencoe, Ill.: republished by Free Press.
Ersin, F. & Bahar, Z. (2011). Inhibiting and Facilitating Factors Concerning Breast Cancer Early Diagnosis Behavior in Turkish Women: A Qualitative Study According to The Health Belief and Health Development Models, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12(7):1849-54.
Ersin, F. & Bahar, Z. (2013). Odak Grup Görüşmeleri ve Kültürel Bakım Farklılık-Evrensellik Teorisi İlişkisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(3), 172-175.
Ersin, F., Çapık, C., Kıssal, A., Gördes Aydoğdu, N. & Beşer, A. (2018). Breast Cancer Fatalism Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study in Turkey, International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 783-791.
Ferrer, R. A. & Klein, W. M. P. (2015). Risk Perceptions and Health Behavior, Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 85-89.
Franklin, M.D., Schlundt, D.G., Mcclellan, L.H., Kinebrew, T., Sheats, J., Belue, R., Brown, A., Smikes, D., Patel, K. & Hargreaves, M. (2007). Religious Fatalism and Its Association with Health Behaviors and Outcomes, American Journal of Health Behavior, 31, 563-572.
Franklin, M.D., Schlundt, D.G. & Wallston, K. A. (2008). Development and Validation of a Religious Health Fatalism Measure for the African-American Faith Community, Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3) 323–335.
Freeman, H.P. (1989). Cancer in the Socioeconomically Disadvantaged, CA Cancer J Clin, 39(5), 266-88.
Freeman, H.P. (1991). Race, Poverty, and Cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 83(8), 526-7.
Gecas, V. (1989). The Social Psychology of Self-Efficacy, Annual Review of Sociology, 291- 316.
Gullatte, M.M., Brawley, O., Kinney, A., Powe, B.D. & Mooney, K. (2010). Religiosity, Spirituality, and Cancer Fatalism Beliefs on Delay in Breast Cancer Diagnosis in African American Women, J Relig Health, 49(1), 62-72.
Guo, X.M., Tom, L., Leung, I., O'brian, C., Zumpf, K. & Simon, M. (2021). Associations between Fatalistic Cancer Beliefs and Cancer-Screening Behaviors in Chinese American Immigrant Women, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01144-4.
Gutierrez, A. P., Mccurley, J. L., Roesch, S. C., Gonzalez, P., Castañeda, S. F., Penedo, F. J. & Gallo L. C. (2017). Fatalism and Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control in US Hispanics/Latinos: Results from HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study, J Behav Med, 40(2), 271-280.
Hag Hamed, D. & Daniel, M. (2017). The Influence of Fatalistic Beliefs on Health Beliefs among Diabetics In Khartoum, Sudan: A Comparison Between Coptic Christians and Sunni Muslims, Global Health Promotion, 1757-9759; Vol 0(0): 1-8.
Hayes, J. & Clerk, L. (2020). Fatalism in the Fight against COVID-19: Implications for Mitigation and Mental Health. Res Net. 201-33. doi:10.31219/osf.io/t6zmv.
Hayes, J. & Clerk, L. (2021). A Double-Shot Against COVID-19? Hope For a Vaccine Increases Mitigation Intentions and Emotional Well-Being by Reducing Fatalism, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346554219.
Heiney, S.P., Underwood, S.M., Tavaloki, A., Adam, S.A., Wells, L.M. & Bryant, L.H. (2012). Randomized Trial of Therapeutic Group by Teleconference: African American Women with Breast Cancer, Cancer, 118(15), 3822–32.
Hess, R.F. & Mbavu, M. (2010). HIV/AIDS Fatalism, Beliefs and Prevention Indicators in Gabon: Comparisons between Gabonese and Malians, African Journal of AIDS Research, 9(2), 125-133.
Jimenez, T., Restar, A., Helm, P. J., Cross, R. I., Barath, D. & Arndt, J. (2020). Fatalism in the context of COVID-19: Perceiving Coronavirus as a Death Sentence Predicts Reluctance to Perform Recommended Preventive Behaviors, Social Science & Medicine-Population Health, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ssmph.2020.100615.
Kaya, A. & Bozkur, B. (2015). Kadercilik Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 935-946.
Kaya, A. & Bozkur, B. (2017). Kadercilik Eğilimi ile Özyeterlik İnancı ve Savunma Mekanizmaları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, Ege Eğitim Dergisi, (18)1, 124-145.
Keeley, B., Wright, L. & Condit, C.M. (2009). Functions of Health Fatalism: Fatalistic Talk As Face Saving, Uncertainty Management, Stress Relief And Sense Making, Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(5), 734-747.
Keller, K.G., Toriola, A.T. & Schneider, J.K. (2020). The Relationship Between Cancer Fatalism and Education, Cancer Causes &Control, 32, 109-118.
Kıssal, A., Ersin, F., Koç, M., Vural, B. & Çetin, Ö. (2018). Determination of Women’s Health Beliefs, Breast Cancer Fears, and Fatalism Associated with Behaviors Regarding the Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer, Int J Cancer Manag, 11(12), e80223.
Kıyak, E., Erkal, E., Demir, S., Demirkıran, B. C., Uren, Y. & Ergüney, S. (2020). Evaluation of attitudes toward epilepsy and health fatalism in northeastern Turkey, Epilepsy & Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107495.
Kızılarslan, V. (2020). Kaderci̇li̇k Ölçeği̇ni̇n Türkçe Geçerli̇li̇k ve Güveni̇li̇rli̇ği̇ Çalışması. Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Fatalism Scale. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üni̇versi̇tesi̇, Sağlik Bi̇li̇mleri̇ Ensti̇tüsü. Erzurum.
Kuh, Z. & Erdem, R. (2019). Fatalı̇zm Eğı̇lı̇mı̇nı̇n Sağlıklı Yaşam Bı̇çı̇mı̇ Davranışları Üzerı̇ne Etkı̇sı̇, SDÜ Sağlık Yönetimi Dergisi, 1(1), 1-16.
Kulakçı, H., Ayyıldız, T. K., Yıldırım, N., Öztürk, Ö., Köse Topan, A. & Taşdemir, N. (2015). Effects of Breast Cancer Fatalism on Breast Cancer Awareness among Nursing Students in Turkey, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(8), 3565-3572.
Kulakçı Altıntaş, H. & Korkmaz Aslan, G. (2019). The Effect of Breast Cancer Fatalism Perception on Breast Cancer Health Beliefs of The Midwives and Nurses, Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing, 6(1), 10-19.
Lee, S.Y. & Lee, E. (2013). Korean Americans’ Beliefs about Colorectal Cancer Screening, Asian Nurs Res, 7, 45–52.
Lee, S.Y. & Lee, E. (2018). Access to Health Care, Beliefs, and Behaviors about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Korean Americans, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19, 2021–2027.
Lim, J. M., Tun, Z. M., Kumar, V., Quaye, S., Offeddu, V., Cook, A. R., Lwin, M. O., Jiang, S. & Tam, C. C. (2020). Population Anxiety and Positive Behaviour Change During The COVID-19 Epidemic: Cross-Sectional Surveys in Singapore, China and Italy, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 15(1), 45-55.
Lopez-Mckee, G., Mcneill, J.A., Bader, J. & Morales, P. (2008). Comparison of Factors Affecting Repeat Mammography Screening of Low-Income Mexican American Women. Oncol Nurs Forum, 35, 941–947.
Maercker, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Esparza, O. A. & Augsburger, M. (2019). Fatalism as a Traditional Cultural Belief Potentially Relevant to Trauma Sequelae: Measurement Equivalence, Extent and Associations in Six Countries, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1657371. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1657371
Mayo, R.M., Ureda, J.R. & Parker, V.G. (2001). Importance of Fatalism in Understanding Mammography Screening in Rural Elderly Women, J Women Aging, 13, 57–72.
Mcclure, J., L., Walkey, F., H. & Allen, M. (1999). When Earthquake Damage is Seen as Preventable: Attributions, Locus of Control, and Attitudes to Risk, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48, 239-256.
Mcclure, J., Allen, M. W. & Walkey, F. (2001). Countering Fatalism: Causal Information in News Reports, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 109-121.
Mcclure, J., Sutton, R. M. & Sibley, C. G. (2007). Listening to Reporters or Engineers: How Different Messages About Building Design Affect Earthquake Fatalism, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 1956-1973.
Mcqueen, A., Kreuter, M. W., Kalesan, B. & Alcaraz, K. I. (2011). Understanding Narrative Effects: The Impact of Breast Cancer Survivor Stories on Message Processing, Attitudes, and Beliefs Among African American Women, Health Psychol, 30, 674–682.
Merten, S., Schaetti, C., Manianga, C., Lapika, B., Chaignat, C. L., Hutubessy, R. & Weiss, M.G. (2013). Local Perceptions of Cholera and Anticipated Vaccine Acceptance in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo, BMC Public Health, 13, 60.
Morgan, P.D., Fogel, J., Tyler, I.D. & Jones, J.R. (2010). Culturally Targeted Educational Intervention to Increase Colorectal Health Awareness Among African Americans, J Health Care Poor Underserved, 21, 132–147.
Nahcivan, N.O. & Seçginli, S. (2003). Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Breast Cancer Early Detection: Using The Health Belief Model as a Guide, Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 7, 33-8.
Nageeb, S., Vu, M., Malik, S., Quinn, M. T., Cursio, J. & Padela, A. I. (2018). Adapting a Religious Health Fatalism Measure For Use in Muslim Populations, Plos One, 13(11), e0206898.
Neff, J.A. & Hoppe, S.K. (1993). Race/Ethnicity, Acculturation, and Psychological Distress: Fatalism and Religiosity as Cultural Resources, Journal of Community Psychology, 21(1), 3-20.
Niederdeppe, J. & Levy, A.G. (2007). Fatalistic Beliefs about Cancer Prevention and Three Prevention Behaviors, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16(5), 998–1003. Ogden, J. (2019). Sağlık Psikolojisi, Çev. Gülay Dirlik, Nobel Yay.
Omu, O. & Reynolds, F. (2014). Religious Faith and Self-Efficacy Among Stroke Patients in Kuwait: Health Professionals’ Views, Disability and rehabilitation, 36(18), 1529-1535.
Öncü, E., Altunkan, H., Vayısoğlu, S. K. & Ayaz, M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Kaderciliğin Etkisi ve Salgın Tedbirlerine Uyum Özellikleri: Vaka-Kontrol Çalışması, Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 113-124.
Özdil, K., Bulucu Büyükaksoy, G. D. & Çatıker, A. (2021). Fatalism, Fear, and Compliance with Preventive Measures in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis, Public Health Nur, 00, 1–11.
Özen, Y. & Rittersberger-Tılıç, H. (2018). Differences in the Perception of Health among the Urban Poor Living in Two Squatter House Neighbourhoods in Ankara, Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 8(1), 309-333.
Papageorge, N.W., Zahn, M.V., Belot, M., Van Den Broek-Altenburg, E., Choi, S., Jamison, J.C. & Tripodi, E. (2021). Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Self-Protecting Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic, J Popul Econ, 34, 691–738.
Pehlivan, S., Yıldırım, Y. & Fadıloğlu, C. (2013). Cancer, culture and nursing. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 168-74.
Perilla, J. L., Norris, F. H. & Lavizzo, E. A. (2002). Ethnicity, Culture, and Disaster Response: Identifying and Explaining Ethnic Differences in PTSD Six Months After Hurricane, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2002, pp. 20-45.
Pill, R. & Stott, N.C. (1982). Concepts of Illness Causation and Responsibility: Some Preliminary Data from a sample of Working Class Mothers, Social Science and Medicine, 2(16), 43-52.
Powe, B.D. (1995). Cancer Fatalism Among Elderly Caucasians and African Americans, Oncol Nurs Forum, 22, 1355-1359.
Powe, B. D. & Johnson, A. (1995). Fatalism as a Barrier to Cancer Screening Among African-Americans: Philosophical Perspectives, Journal of Religion and Health, 34(2), 119-126.
Powe, B.D. & Weinrich, S. (1999). An Intervention to Decrease Cancer Fatalism among Rural Elders, Oncology Nursing Forum, 26(3), 583-8.
Ramirez, J.R., Crano, W.D., Quist, R. Burgoon, M., Alvaro, E. M. & Grandpre, J. (2002). Effects of Fatalism and Family Communication on HIV/AIDS Awareness Variations in Native American and Anglo Parents and Children, AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(1), 29-40.
Ramirez, A.S. (2013). Fatalism and Cancer Risk Knowledge among a sample of Highly Acculturated Latinas, Journal of Cancer Education, 29, 50-55.
Ruiu, G. (2012). Is Fatalism a Cultural Belief? An Empirical Analysis on The Origin of Fatalistic Tendencies, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, July 2012.
Ruiu, G. (2013). The Origin of Fatalistic Tendencies: An Empirical Investigation, Economics & Sociology, 6(2), 103-125.
Russell, K.M., Perkins, S.M., Zollinger, T.W. & Champion, V.L. (2006). Sociocultural Context of Mammography Screening Use, Oncol Nurs Forum, 33, 105–112.
Schmidt, C. (2007). Fatalism May Fuel Cancer-Causing Behaviors, J Natl Cancer Inst, 99(16), 1222-3.
Shahid, F., Beshai, S. & Del Rosario, N. (2020). Fatalism and Depressive Symptoms: Active and Passive Forms of Fatalism Differentially Predict Depression, Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 3211–3226.
Shahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B., Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M.S. & Charkazi, A. (2020). Assessing Preventive Health Behaviors from COVID-19: A Cross Sectional Study with Health Belief Model in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran, Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9, 157.
Sharf, B.F., Stelljes, L.A. & Gordon, H.S. (2005). ‘A Little Bitty Spot and I’m a Big Man’: Patients’ Perspectives on Refusing Diagnosis or Treatment for Lung Cancer, Psycho-Oncology, 14(8), 636–646.
Shehu, H. & Rao, P.D. (2020). Sociology of COVID-19: People Perceptions Regarding the Outbreak of the Pandemic among People of Northern, Nigeria, Sustainable Humanosphere, 16(1).
Shen, L., Condit, C. M. & Wright, L. (2009). The Psychometric Property and Validation of a Fatalism Scale, Psychology and Health, 24(5), 597-613.
Spurlock, W.R. & Cullins, L.S. (2006). Cancer Fatalism and Breast Cancer Screening in African American Women, ABNF J, 17, 38-43.
Straughan, P.T. & Seow, A. (1998). Fatalism Reconceptualized: A Concept to Predict Health Screening Behavior, Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health, 3, 85-100.
Şirin, H., Ketrez, G., Ahmadı, A. A., Arslan, A., Altunel, E., Güneş, İ. S., Seçilmiş, E., Özkan, S. & Hasde, M. (2020). Community Approach Towards COVID-19 in Turkey: One Month After The First Confirmed Case, Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77(4): 381-398.
Tolma, E.L., Stoner, J.A., Li, J., Kim, Y. & Engelman, K.K. (2014). Predictors of Regular Mammography Use Among American Indian Women in Oklahoma: A Cross Sectional Study, BMC Women’s Health, 14, 101.
Vrinten, C., Wardle, J. & Marlow, L.A.V. (2016). Cancer Fear and Fatalism Among Ethnic Minority Women in the United Kingdom”, Br J Cancer, 114, 597-604.
Wallston, K.A. & Wallston, B.S. (1982). Who is Responsible for your Health? The Construct of Health Locus of Control, G.S. Sanders and J. Suls (eds) Social Psychology of Health and Illness, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wells, J.S., Strickland, O.L., Dalton, J.A. & Freeman, S. (2015). Adherence to Intravenous Chemotherapy in African-American and Caucasia Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer, Cancer Nurs, 38, 89-98.
Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism, London: Georg Allen & Unwin.
WHO. (2021a). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/, Data last updated: 2021/5/14, 6:18 pm CEST.
WHO. (2021b). https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr, Data last updated: 2021/5/14, 6:18 pm CEST.
Williams, R., Wright, W. & Hunt, K. (1998). Social Class and Health: The Puzzling Counter-Example of British South Asians, Social Science and Medicine, 47(9), 1277-88.
Yiğitbaş, Ç., Özcan, H. & Elkoca, A. (2021). Riskli Gruplarda COVID-19 Salgını ve Sağlıkta Kadercilik Davranışı: Türkiye’den Bir Örnek, Concovid Özet Bildiriler Kitabı-Sağlık Bilimleri 12-13-14 Haziran 2020 | İstanbul | Türkiye, ISBN: 978-605-7858-31-3, 50.
Zollinger, T.W., Champion, V.L., Monahan, P.O., Steele-Moses, S.K., Ziner, K.W. & Zhao, Q. (2010). Effects of Personal Characteristics on African-American Women’s Beliefs about Breast Cancer, Am J Health Promot, 24,3.