Fransa’da İslam’ın Güvenlikleştirilmesi: Fransız Müslümanlarının Gündelik Hayatları
Söz edimlerine ve istisnai önlemlere ya da bürokratik uygulamalara odaklanan birçok güvenlikleştirme analizi yapılmış olsa da güvenlikleştirmenin her iki mantığını içeren çok az araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu makale, Fransa’da İslam’ın güvenlikleştirilmesinin Fransız Müslümanların günlük deneyimleri üzerindeki etkisine ışık tutarak, Fransa’da İslam’ın güvenlikleştirilmesinin yalnızca acil durum önlemlerinin alınmasını gerektiren bir istisna olmadığını, aynı zamanda makbul Müslümanları tanımlamaya yönelik gündelik bir inşa süreci olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Ayrıca bu makale, güvenlikleştirme sürecinin kişiler tarafından nasıl deneyimlendiğini aydınlatarak güvenlikleştirme teorisine ampirik yönden yaklaşmaktadır. Bulgular, güvenlikleştirmenin her iki mantığı göz önüne alınarak yapılan analizlerin daha eksiksiz bir tablo çizmeye olanak sağladığını ve güvenlik uygulamalarının gündelik hayata nasıl yansıdığını göstermektedir.
Securitization of Islam in France: Everyday Lives of French Muslims
Although many analyses of securitization focus on either speech acts and exceptional measures or bureaucratic practices, little research has been undertaken involving the logic of securitization. By shedding light on the impact of the securitization of Islam in France on the everyday experiences of French Muslims, this paper suggests that the securitization of Islam in France is not only an exception that calls for the adoption of emergency measures but also an everyday formation to define acceptable Muslims. Also, this article provides empirical evidence of securitization theory by illuminating how the securitization process is experienced by individuals. The findings show that analysis of the logic of securitization allows us to capture a more complete picture and understand how security practices are translated into everyday lives.
___
- Acolin, A., Bostic, R. & Painter, G. (2016) A field study of rental market discrimination across origins in France. Journal of Urban Economics, 95, 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.07.003 google scholar
- Agamben, G. (2005). The State of Exception, K. Attell (trans.) Chicago: Chicago University Press. google scholar
- Amnesty International. (2016). Upturned Lives: The Disproportionate Impact of France’s State of Emergency. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur21/3364/2016/en/ google scholar
- Aradau, C. (2004). The perverse politics of four-letter words: Risk and pity in the securitisation of human trafficking. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 33(2), 251-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058 298040330020101 google scholar
- Baele S. & Thomson, C. (2022) Securitization Theory. In Collins M (Ed.) Contemporary Security Studies, (pp. 173-185). Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
- Baker-Beall, C. & Clark, R. (2021). A “Post-Copenhagen” Analysis of China’s Securitization of the Uyghur: A Counterproductive Securitization? Democracy and Security, 17(4), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/1741 9166.2021.2020037 google scholar
- Balzacq, T. (2015) The ‘Essence’ of Securitization: Theory, Ideal Type, and a Sociological Science of Security. International Relations 29(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117814526606b google scholar
- Balzacq, T. (2013). Les etudes de securite. In T. Balzacq and F. Ramel (Ed.), Traite deRelations Internationales, (pp. 685-716). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. google scholar
- Banai, A. & Kreide, R. (2017). Securitization of migration in Germany: The Ambivalences of Citizenship and Human Rights. Citizenship Studies, 21(8), 903-917. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1380649 google scholar
- Barras, A. (2013). Sacred Laıcite and the Politics of Religious Resurgence in France: Whither Religious Pluralism? Mediterranean Politics, 18(2), 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2013.799345 google scholar
- Bigo, D. (2002). Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of Governmentality of Unease. Alternatives 27, 63-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/03043754020270S105 google scholar
- Bigo, D. (2008). Globalized (In)Security: The Field and the Ban-Opticon. In D. Bigo and A. Tsoukala (Ed.), Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes after 9/11, (pp. 10-48). Oxon: Routledge. google scholar
- Blavignant, Y. (2018, July 27). L’affaire des «foulards de Creil» : la Republique laique face au voile islamique. Le Figaro, Retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2018/07/27/01016-20180727ARTFIG00053-l-affaire-des-foulards-de-creil-la-republique-laique-face-au-voile-islamique.php google scholar
- Brown, K. E. (2010). Contesting the Securitization of British Muslims Citizenship and Resistance. Interventions, 12(2) 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2010.489690 google scholar
- Brown, K. (2008). The Promise and Perils of Women’s Participation in UK Mosques: The Impact of Securitisation Agendas on Identity, Gender and Community. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10(3) 472-491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2008.00324.x google scholar
- Bonino, S. (2012). Policing Strategies against Islamic Terrorism in the UK after 9/11: The Socio-Political Realities for British Muslims. Journal ofMuslim Minority Affairs, 32(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/136 02004.2012.665619 google scholar
- Bosco, R. M. (2014). Securing the Sacred. Michigan: Michigan University Press. google scholar
- Bourbeau, P. (2014). Moving forward together: Logics of the securitisation process. Millennium, 43(1), 187206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814541504 google scholar
- Buzan, B., W^ver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Frameworkfor Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner. google scholar
- C.A.S.E. Collective. (2006). Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto. Security Dialogue 37(4), 443-487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010606073085 google scholar
- Cesari, J. (2012). Securitization of Islam in Europe. Die Welt des Islams, 52(3-4), 430-449. https://doi. org/10.1163/15700607-201200A8 google scholar
- Chevenement, J. P. (1997, November 23). Declaration de M. Jean-Pierre Chevenement, ministre de l’interieur charge des cultes, sur l’histoire des relations entre l’Etat et les religions, l’attachement au maintien du regime du Concordat en AlsaceMoselle et sur les voies de l’integration d’un İslam a la française. [Speech transcript]. Vie Publique. Retrieved from https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/207645-declaration-de-m-jean-pierre-chevenement-ministre-de-linterieur-charg google scholar
- Clavel, G. (2016, January 13). Sondage: deux mois apres, l’etat d’urgence juge justifie par 77% des français. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/sondage-deux-mois-apres-l-etat-d-urgence-juge-justifie-par-77-des-francais-exclusif_70134.html google scholar
- Cohen, R. (2020, December 9). France Takes on Islamist Extremism with New Bill. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/world/europe/france-islamist-extremism-bill.html google scholar
- Communique. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.cfcm-officiel.fr/presentation-de-la-charte-des-principes-pour-lislam-de-france-au-president-de-la-republique/ google scholar
- Coroller, C. & Licht, D. (2003, February 21). On ne modifiera pas la loi de 1905. Liberation. Retrieved from https://www.liberation.fr/france/2003/02/21/on-ne-modifiera-pas-la-loi-de-1905_431569/ google scholar
- Cinalli, M. & Van Hauwarrt, S. M. (2021). Contentious Politics and Congruence across Policy and Public Spheres: The Case of Muslims in France. Ethnic and Racial Studies 44(14), 2532- 2550. https://doi.org/10. 1080/01419870.2020.1831567 google scholar
- Crawford, A. & Hutchinson, S. (2015). Mapping the Contours of ‘Everyday Security’: Time, Space and Emotion. The British Journal of Criminology 56(6), 1184-1202. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv121 google scholar
- Croft, S. (2012). Securitising Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
- Edmunds, J. (2011). The “new” barbarians: governmentality, securitization and Islam in Western Europe. google scholar
- Contemporary Islam, 6(1), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-011-0159-6 google scholar
- Elbe, S. (2006). Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security. google scholar
- International Studies Quarterly, 50(1), 119-144. https://doi.Org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00395.x google scholar
- En Marche. (2017). Le programme d’Emmanuel Macron concernant les questions religieuse et la laîcite. google scholar
- Retrieved from https://en-marche.fr/emmanuel-macron/le-programme/questions-religieuses-et-laicite google scholar
- Eroukhmanoff, C. (2015). The Remote Securitisation of Islam in the US post-9/11: Euphemisation, Metaphors and the ‘Logic of Expected Consequences’ in Counter-radicalisation Discourse. Critical Studies on Terrorism 8(2), 246-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2015.1053747 google scholar
- Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis The Critical Study of Language, London and New York: Longman. google scholar
- Fassin, D. & Mazouz, S. (2009). What Is It to Become French? Naturalization as a Republican Rite of Institution. Revue Française de Sociologie 50(5), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.505.0037 google scholar
- Fellag, N. (2014). The Muslim Label: How French North Africans Have Become “Muslims” and not “Citizens”. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 13(4), 1-25. Retrieved from http://www.ecmi.de/ fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2014/Fellag google scholar
- Fortier, A. M. (2008). Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the Limits of the Civil Nation. London: Routledge. google scholar
- Fox, J. & Akbaba, Y. (2015). Securitization of Islam and Religious Discrimination: Religious Minorities in Western Democracies 1990-2008. Comparative European Politics 13, 175-197. https://doi.org/10.1057/ cep.2013.8 google scholar
- Fredette, J. (2014). Constructing Muslims in France Discourse, Public Identity, and the Politics of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. google scholar
- Fregosi, F. (2008). Penser l’Islam dans laLaîcite. Paris: Fayard. google scholar
- Foner, N. & Alba, R. (2008). Immigrant religion in the US and Western Europe: Bridge or barrier to inclusion? google scholar
- International Migration Review, 42(2), 360-392. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27645255 google scholar
- Galonnier, J. (2015). The Racialization of Muslims in France and United States: Some Insights from White Converts to Islam, Social Compass, 62(4), 570-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768615601966 google scholar
- Hajjat, A. (2013). Retour sur la Marche pour l’Egalite et Contre le Racisme. Hommes & Migrations 1304, 151155. https://doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.2677 google scholar
- Hammersley, M. (1990). Reading Ethnographic Research: A Critical Guide. London: Longman. google scholar
- Hennette-Vauchez, S., Kalogirou, M., Klausser, N. Roulhac, C., Salma, S. & Souty, V. (2018). Ce Que le Contentiuex Administratif Revele de l’Etat d’Urgence. Cultures & Conflits 112, 35-74. https://doi. org/10.4000/conflits.20546 google scholar
- Hollande, F. (2015a, January 7). Declaration de M. François Hollande, President de la Republique, a la suite de l’attentatau siege de l’hebdomadaire “CharlieHebdo” [Speech transcript]. Vie Publique. Retrieved from https:// www.vie-publique.fr/discours/193484-francois-hollande-07012015-attentat-au-siege-hebdomadaire-charlie-hebdo google scholar
- Hollande, F. (2015b, January 9). Declaration de M. François Hollande, President de la Republique, sur l’attentat contre l’hebdomadaire “Charlie Hebdo”, le meurtre d’une policiere et les deuxprises d’otages des 7, 8 et 9 janvier 2015 [Speech transcript]. Elysee. Retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/front/pdf/elysee-module-13247-fr.pdf google scholar
- Hollande, F. (2015c, January 14). Declaration de M. François Hollande, President de la Republique, sur la politique de defense de la France [Speech transcript]. Vie Publique. Retrieved from https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/193547-francois-hollande-14012015-politique-de-defense-de-la-france google scholar
- Hollande, F. (2015d, November 16). Declaration de M. François Hollande, President de la Republique, devant le Parlement reuni en Congres a la suite des attaques terroristes perpetrees a Paris et en Seine-Saint- Denis, Versailles le 16 novembre 2015 [Speech transcript]. Vie Publique. Retrieved from https://www.vie-publique. fr/discours/196856-declaration-de-m-francois-hollande-president-de-la-republique-devant google scholar
- Howe, A. E. (2018). Discourses of Exclusion: The Societal Securitization of Burma’s Rohingya (2012-2018). google scholar
- Journal ofAsian Security andInternational Affairs, 5(3), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797018799000 google scholar
- Huysmans, J. (2002). Defining Social Constructivism in Security Studies: The Normative Dilemma of Writing Security. Alternatives, 27(1_suppl), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/03043754020270S104 google scholar
- Huysmans, J. (1998). The Question of the Limit: Desecuritization and the Aesthetics of Horror in Political Realism. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 27(3), 569-589. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298 980270031301 google scholar
- IFOP. (2016). Les Français et l’etat d’urgence. Retrieved from https://www.ifop.com/wp-content/ uploads/2018/03/3434-1-study_file.pdf google scholar
- Jackson, R. (2007). Constructing Enemies? ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse. Government and Opposition 42(3), 394-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00229.x google scholar
- Jouanneau, S. (2009). Regulariser ou Non un Imam Etranger en France: Droit de Sejour et Definition du ‘Bon Imam’ en Pays Laîque. Politix 89(2), 146-166. https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.086.0147 google scholar
- Jouanneau, S. (2018). The Reinvented Role of Imams in French Society. In M. Hashas, J. J. de Ruiter & N. V. Vinding (Ed.) Imams in Western Europe Developments, Transformations, and Institutional Challenges (pp. 143-164). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. google scholar
- Kuru, A. T. (2009). Secularism and state policies toward religion: The United States, France and Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
- L^gaard, S. (2019). Religious Toleration and Securitization of Religion. In L. Bialasiewicz & V. Gentile (Ed.) Spaces of Tolerance Changing Geographies and Philosophies of Religion in Today’s Europe. London: Routledge. google scholar
- Laurence, J. & Vaîsse, J. (2006). Integrating İslam: Political and Religious Challenges in Contemporary France. Washington: The Brookings Institution Press. google scholar
- Laustsen, C. B. & W^ver, O. (2000). In Defense of Religion: Sacred Referent Objects for Securitization. Millennium — Journal of International Studies, 29(3), 705-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290 031601 google scholar
- Lizotte, C. (2020). Laîcite as assimilation, laîcite as negotiation: Political geographies of secularism in the French public school. Political Geography, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102121 google scholar
- Macron, E. (2020, October 2). Fight against separatism — the Republic in action [Speech transcript]. Elysee. google scholar
- Retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2020/10/02/fight-against-separatism-the-republic-in-action-speech-by-emmanuel-macron-president-of-the-republic-on-the-fight-against-separatism google scholar
- Mavelli, L. (2013). Between Normalisation and Exception: The Securitisation of Islam and Construction of the Secular Subject. Millenium: Journal of International Studies 42(2), 159-181. https://doi. org/10.1177/0305829812463655 google scholar
- McDonald, M. (2011). Deliberation and resecuritization: Australia, asylum-seekers and the normative limits of the Copenhagen School. Australian Journal ofPolitical Science, 46(2), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0361146.2011.568471 google scholar
- Ministere de l’Education nationale, de l’Enseignement superieur et de la Recherche. (2015). Grande Mobilisation de l’Ecole pour les valeurs de la Republique. Retrieved from https://www.gouvernement.fr/ actualite/grande-mobilisation-de-l-ecole-pour-les-valeurs-de-la-republique google scholar
- Naseem, J. & Adnan, W. (2019). Being Second Generation Muslim Woman in the French Labour Market: Understanding Dynamics of (Visibility of) Religion and Gender in Labour Market Access, Outcome and Experiences. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 61, 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rssm.2019.02.003 google scholar
- Perry, B. (2001). In the Name of the Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Potonska-Kimunguyi, E. & Gillespie, M. (2016). Terrorism discourse on French international broadcasting: France 24 and the case of Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris. European Journal of Communication, 31(5), 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116669453 google scholar
- Saiya, N. (2018). Confronting Apocalyptic Terrorism: Lessons from France and Japan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 43(9), 775-795. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1499694 google scholar
- Sarkozy, N. (2003). Musulmans de France [Speech transcript]. Religioscope. Retrieved from https://www. religion.info/2003/04/21/document-musulmans-de-france-discours-de-nicolas-sarkozy-au-bourget/ google scholar
- Schain, M. A. (2006). The Extreme-Right and Immigration Policy-making: Measuring Direct and Indirect Effects. West European Politics 29(2), 270-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380500512619 google scholar
- Senat. (2016). Rapport d’Information fait au nom de la mission d’information sur l’organisation, laplace et le financement de l’Islam enFrance et de ses lieux de culte (No. 757). Paris, France: Senat. google scholar
- Shipoli, E. A. (2018). Islam, Securitization, and US Foreign Policy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
- Silvestri, S. (2010). Public Policies towards Muslims and the Institutionalization of “Moderate Islam” in Europe: Some Critical Reflections. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.) Muslims in 21st Century Europe, London: Routledge. google scholar
- Simon, P. (2012). French National Identity and Integration: Who Belongs to National Community? Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/FrenchIdentity.pdf google scholar
- Stasi Commission. (2003). Rapport au President de laRepublique. Retrieved from https://www.vie-publique.fr/ sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/034000725.pdf google scholar
- Valfort, M. A. (2017). La Religion, Facteur de Discrimination a l’Embauche en France? Revue Economique, 68(5), 895-907. https://doi.org/10.3917/reco.pr3.0101 google scholar
- Valfort, M. A. (2015). Discriminations Religieuses a l’Embauche: Une Realite. Institut Montaigne. Retrieved from https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/pdfs/publications/20150824_Etude%20discrimination. pdf google scholar
- W^ver, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. R. D. Lipschutz (Ed.) On Security New York: Columbia University Press. google scholar
- Wilkinson, C. (2007). The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable Outside Europe? Security Dialogue, 38(5), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010607075964 google scholar
- Zeghal, M. (2005). La constitution du Conseil Français du Culte Musulman : reconnaissance politique d’un Islam français ? Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 129, 97-113. https://doi.org/10.4000/assr.1113 google scholar