Donald Trump Yönetimi Politikalarının Tarihsel Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi: Andrew Jackson Dönemi ile Bir Karşılaştırma

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin 45. Başkanı Donald J. Trump, göreve geldiği tarihten bugüne iç ve dış politikada muhafazakar/sağ bir duruş benimsemiştir. Bu duruş doğrultusunda, ülkedeki göçmen veya sığınmacılara karşı yabancı düşmanlığına varan ayrımcı uygulamalara girişmiş; kuvvet kullanma konusunda, sert retoriğine rağmen askeri müdahalelerden kaçınmış; uluslararası ticarette ise korumacı bir politika takip etmiştir. Trump, ABD’deki akademik çevrelerde ve medyada son dönemde bu özellikleri nedeniyle ülkenin 7. Başkanı Andrew Jackson ile karşılaştırılmış, ülkenin iç ve dış politikasının Jacksoncu yaklaşım olarak tanımlanan bir eksene kaydığı iddia edilmeye başlanmıştır. Jackson, Kuzey Amerika Yerlilerine karşı izlediği düşmanca politikalar nedeniyle yabancı düşmanlığıyla suçlanmış; kuvvet kullanmaktan kaçınması nedeniyle de tecritçi ve müdahale karşıtı bir lider olarak tanınmıştır. Öte yandan, uluslararası ticarete yaklaşımı liberal bir çizgiye yakın olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, iki devlet adamı, yabancılar politikası, kuvvet kullanma politikası ve uluslararası ticaret politikası bağlamlarında karşılaştırılarak, aralarındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar incelenmiş, günümüz ABD politikalarının tarihsel perspektiften değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Jackson, Trump, Muhafazakarlık, Tecritçilik, Yabancı düşmanlığı, Müdahale karşıtlığı

Assessment of Donald Trump Administration’s Policies Historically: A Comparison with the Andrew Jackson Era

Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States of America, has adopted a conservative/right wing stance in domestic and foreign policy since his inauguration. In line with this stance, he embarked on discriminatory practices that led to xenophobia towards migrants and asylum seekers in the country; avoided military intervention in spite of his harsh rhetoric on the use of force abroad; and followed a protective policy in international trade. Trump has recently been compared to the 7th President, Andrew Jackson, in American academic circles and media, claiming that the country’s domestic and foreign policy shifted to an axis defined as the Jacksonian approach. Jackson was accused of xenophobia because of his hostile policies towards North American Indians; and was recognized as an isolationist and non-interventionist in avoiding the use of force. On the other hand, his approach to international trade was close to a liberal attitude. In this study, the similarities and differences between two statesmen were examined in terms of foreigners’ policy, use of force policy and international trade policy, so that, it aimed to evaluate contemporary United States policies from a historical perspective.

Keywords:

Jackson, Trump, Conservatism, Isolationism, Xenophobia, Non-interventionism,

PDF

___

An Act Further to Provide for the Collection of Duties on Imports,https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/22nd-congress/session-2/c22s2ch57.pdf
Bannon, S. (2017). Steve Bannon Pushed Trump to Go Full Andrew, The Daily Beast, Jackson, https://www.thedailybeast.com/steve-bannon-pushed-trump-to-go-full-andrew-jackson
Birzer, B. (2018). In defense of Andrew Jackson. Washington, D.C.: Regnery History.
Blair, G. (2015). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. New York, Simon & Schuster.
Brogdon, M. S. (2011). Defending the Union: Andrew Jackson’s nullification proclamation and American Federalism. The Review of Politics, (73), 1–29.
Cha, T. (2017). The Return of Jacksonianism: the International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon. The Washington Quarterly, (39), 83–97.
Clarke, Michael, Donald Trump and American Foreign Policy: The Return of the Jacksonian Tradition, Comparative Strategy, (36), 366-379.
Clarke, M., & Ricketts, A. (2016). Understanding the return of the Jacksonian tradition, Orbis, (2), 13–26.
Cohn, M. (16 March 2017), Evaluate New Travel Ban in Light of International Law, Jurist, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2017/03/marjorie-cohn-international-law/
Compromise Tariff of 1833, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/5860
Çamlıbel, C. (December 23, 2017). Trump approves $393 million weapons list for Syria, Hürriyet Daily News, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/trump-approves-393-million-weapons-list-for-syria-124634
Çilliler, Y. (2018). Siyasal Krizler ve Karşılaştırmalı Yöntem, 1. Bozok Siyaset Bilimi Kongresi, Geçmişten Günümüze Yerel, Bölgesel ve Küresel Krizler, 24-26 Ekim.
Epstein, R. J., & Colleen, McCain N. (2016), Donald Trump Lays Out Protectionist Views in Trade Speech, The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-lays-out-protectionist-views-in-trade-speech-1467145538
Force Bill, Public Law 22, 22nd Congress of the United States, 4 Stat. 632, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=004/llsl004.db&recNum=679
General Winfield Scott’s Address to the Cherokee Nation, (1837), http://www.thomaslegion.net/generalwinfieldscottsaddresstothecherokeenation.html
Goins, C. R, et.al. (2006). Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hamilton, D. S. (2017), Trumps Jacksonian foreign policy and its ımplications for European security. Swedish Institute Of International Affairs, (2), 1–8.
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-2/section-2/clause-2/indian-treaties
Indian Removal Act of 1830, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=004/llsl004.db&recNum=458
Jones, D. M., & Khoo, N. (2017). Donald Trump and the new Jacksonians. Policy, (1), 42–49.
Kardaş, T. (2017). Trump and the media-ındustrial complex in American politics. Insight Turkey, 19(2).
Kayapınar, S. (2017). 1830 Osmanlı-ABD Ticaret Antlaşması Öncesi Amerika’nın Diplomasi Girişimleri, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (51), Ocak, 39–56.
Kilgore, E. (2019), The Heirs of Andrew Jackson, Intelligencer, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/trump-may-be-the-true-heir-of-andrew-jackson.html
Krieg, A. (2016). Externilizing the burden of War: The Obama Doctrine and the US Foreign Policy in the Middle East. International Affairs, 92–101.
Koh, H. H. (2017). The Trump administration and international law, Washburn Law Journal, (56), 413–469.
Latner, R. B. (2002). ‘Andrew Jackson’; Graff, Henry (ed.), The Presidents: A Reference History, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons., 106–127.
Lijphart, A. (1971), Comparative politics and the comparative method. The American Political Science Review, (3), 682–693.
Madley, B. (2017). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Page, J. (2004). In the Hands of the Great Spirit: The 20,000-Year History of American Indians, ‎New York: Free Press.
Pope, N. G. (2016), The Effects of DACAmentation: The Impact of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on Unauthorized Immigrants. Journal of Public Economics, (143), 98–114.
President Andrew Jackson’s Farewell Address. (1837). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-4-1837-farewell-address
President Andrew Jackson’s Second Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1830, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29472
President Andrew Jackson's Speech to Congress on Indian Removal, https://www.nps.gov/museum/tmc/MANZ/handouts/Andrew_Jackson_Annual_Message.pdf
Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, (2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-regarding-withdrawal-united-states-trans-pacific-partnership-negotiations-agreement/
Rood, J. (2017). America First: Trump and the Multi‑Order, Epilogue Clingendael Strategic Monitor, 1-8.
Rogin, Josh, Who Really Said Obama Was “Leading From Behind”? Foreign Policy, (27 October 2011), http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/27/who-really-said-obama-was-leading-from-behind/
Sechrest, L. J. (2007), Privately Funded and Built U.S. Warships in the Quasi-War of 1797–1801. The Independent Review, (XII), Summer, 101–113.
Smith, Sam B., Chappell Owsley, Harriet, eds., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume I, 1770-1803,(1980), The University of Tennessee Press.
Spencer, John, ed., ‘George Kremer to Andrew Jackson’ Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, (1825), http://www.loc.gov/resource/maj.01065_0299_0301
Statement from President Donald J. Trump, (September 5, 2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-7/
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. (2018). United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement
The Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
Thomas, R. C. (1976). Andrew Jackson Versus France American Policy Toward France, 1834-36. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, (35), 51–64.
Thornton, R. (1992), The Cherokees: A Population History, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Trade Expansion Act of 1962, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg872.pdf
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Siam and the United States, https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Siamese- American_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce.html
Trump targets China trade, says plans serious measures, Reuters, (2016), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-china-idUSKCN10Z2JN
Trump v. Hawaii. (2017). Supreme Court of the United States, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/17-965_h315.pdf
Tunçdemir, C. (2013). ABD ve Kızılderililer Ilişkisinin Kısa Tarihi, Amerika Bülteni,, http://amerikabulteni.com/2013/12/13/abd-ve-kizilderililer-iliskisinin-kisa-tarihi/
Valentine, A. (2018). Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 personal agenda or territorial expansion. Scholarship & Creative Works, (1), 3–33.
Yarger, H. R., (2015). Building Partner Capacity, Joint Special Operations University Report, 15–1.
Yoo, J. (2008). Andrew Jackson and Presidential Power, Charleston Law Review, (2), 101–152.
Young, S. B. (2003). Two Yankee Diplomats In 1830’s Siam, http://www.orchidbooks.com/book_reviews/two_yank_dips.html