ORTAÇAĞ’IN MELEZ VE TAKLİTÇİ KİMLİKLERİ: GEOFFREY CHAUCER’IN CANTERBURY HİKAYELERİ’NDEKİ FRANKLIN KARAKTERİ

Geoffrey Chaucer’ın Canterbury Hikayeleri farklı sınıfları resmeden eşsiz hicviyle Ortaçağ toplumunu her yönüyle ele alır. Hacılarını zamanın toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasal değişimlerine uygun olarak gerçekçi bir biçimde tasvir eden Chaucer’ın Canterbury Hikayeleri’ndeki odak noktalarından biri de yaşlı bir toprak sahibi olan Franklin karakterini şekillendiren toplumsal hareketliliktir. Franklin’in portresi, toplumsal hareketlilikten dolayı asil kanı olmaksızın sosyal statüsünü yükselten tarihteki gerçek emsalleri gibi arada kalmışlıkla yoğrulmuştur. Asil kökenleri olmayan köylü sınıfına mensup, zenginliğiyle toplumda yükselen Franklin, hem önceki hem de şimdiki toplumsal statüsünün özelliklerini kendisinde barındırarak Ortaçağ “üçüncü alanı”nda yaşam sürer. Tam anlamıyla ne asiller ne de köylü sınıfına dâhil olan Franklin bir kimlik bunalımı içindedir ve geleneksel üç sınıfa (ruhban sınıfı, soylular ve köylü sınıfı) dâhil olmayan sonradan görmelerin oluşturduğu Ortaçağ “orta sınıf”ına mensuptur. Bu “orta sınıf”a dâhil olan Ortaçağ insanları, üç sınıfa dayanan kesin hatlarla çizilmiş Ortaçağ kimliklerinin kıyısında kendi alternatif kimliklerini geliştirirler. Franklin bu bağlamda kendisine toplumda bir yer edinebilmek için toplumsal statüleri kendisinden yüksek olan asilleri taklit ederek melez bir kimlik geliştirmek zorunda kalır. Bu çerçevede, bu makale Ortaçağ’ın kabul gören köylü ve soylu sınıflarının kimlikleri arasında kalan ve dinamik Ortaçağ toplumunda kabul görebilecek bir kimlik arayan Chaucer’ın Canterbury Hikayeleri’indeki Franklin karakterini Bhabha’nın dile getirdiği anlamda melez ve taklitçi bir kimlik olarak ele alır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Chaucer’ın Franklin karakteri, melezleşme, Ortaçağ’ın üç sınıf kavramı, taklitçilik, üçüncü alan

MEDIEVAL HYBRID AND MIMIC IDENTITIES: GEOFFREY CHAUCER’S FRANKLIN IN THE CANTERBURY TALES

Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales represents every facet of medieval society by its unique satire of medieval people exhibiting various classes. Depicting his life-like pilgrims in accordance with the social, economic and political changes of the time, one of the focal points Chaucer highlights in his The Canterbury Tales is social mobility which moulds the portrait of his old landowner, the Franklin. Due to social mobility, as in the case of his real counterparts in history, the portrayal of the Franklin is shaped by in-betweenness since he is a social climber without a noble birth. The Franklin, a rich social climber of peasant origin, embraces the characteristics of both his previous and present social position and inhabits a medieval “third space.” Not entirely belonging to the nobility or to the commoners, parvenu Franklin is in an identity crisis and belongs to the medieval “middle grouping” of social climbers apart from the members of the traditional three estates: the clergy, the nobility and the commoners. Those people of “middle-grouping” develop their alternative identities on the borders of the acknowledged identities of the three medieval estates. Thereupon, the Franklin has to develop a hybrid identity by mimicking his social superiors, the members of the nobility, to be able to find a place for himself in society. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss Chaucer’s Franklin in The Canterbury Tales as a Bhabhanian hybrid and mimic who is caught in between the medieval acknowledged identities of the commoners and the nobility, and searches for a recognisable identity in dynamic medieval society.

Keywords:

Chaucer’s Franklin, hybridity, medieval estates, mimicry, third space,

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