Öznur ÖZDEMİR

ABBÂSÎ İHTİLÂLİNE ZEMİN HAZIRLAYAN BİR ETMEN OLARAK VERGİ SİSTEMİNDEKİ BOZULMALAR VE MODERN İSLAM TARİHÇİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

İslam’daki ilk hanedan olarak Râşid Halifeler Döneminden sonra doksan yıla yakın hüküm süren Emevî Devleti (M. 661-747), Abbâsî İhtilâli ile yıkılmıştır. Abbâsîler otuz yılı aşkın süre boyunca Emevîlere karşı yaygın görüşler üzerinden gizli şekilde yürüttükleri seferberliğin sonucu olarak 750 yılından itibaren İslam devletinin yeni yöneticileri olmuştur. Abbâsî İhtilâli üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmasına karşın, İhtilâl’e destek veren Horasanlı mevâlînin ekonomik hoşnutsuzluklarına odaklanıp, İhtilâl’i modern ekonomi ve ihtilâl teorileri çerçevesinde anlamaya çalışan bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı İslam’daki vergi sistemi ve Emevi Devleti sonlarındaki (685-747) istismarı inceleyip, modern İslam tarihçiliğini bu perspektifte değerlendirerek, Horasan’daki ekonomik düzensizliğin Abbâsî İhtilâli’nin önemli bir sebebi olması teorisini tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Zekat, Cizye, Haraç, Abbâsî İhtilâli, Öşür, Modern İslam Tarihçiliği

Tax Disruption in the Later Umayyad Period as a Ground Force for the ‘Abbāsid Revolution

The Umayyad Empire (661-747 CE), the first dynasty of Islam, reigned nearly ninety years after the so-called Rāshidūn era, was collapsed by the ʿAbbāsid Revolution (AR). After 750, the ʿAbbāsids became the new rulers of the Islamic empire through the culmination of an orchestrated secret campaign lasting more than thirty years and based on popular unfavourable views of the Umayyads. Although extensive research has been carried out on the AR, there have been no studies which try to understand the AR with reference to modern economic and Revolution theories by focusing upon the economic dissatisfaction of the Khurāsānī mawālī who supported the Revolution. The aim of this paper is to discuss the theory that economic disorder in Khurāsān was an important reason for the AR, by focusing on the taxation system in Islam and its abuse in the later Umayyad period (685-747) as well as by evaluating modern Islamic historiography in this perspective.

Keywords:

Zakāt, ʿUshr, Jizya, Kharāj, ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Modern Islamic Historiography,

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