Çin’in Târihî Dönemlerinde Çin İdaresinde Müslüman İdarî ve Toplumsal Kurumlar

Islam has spread during the Tang (Tangchao) (618- 907), Five dynasties (Wuday) (907-960), Song (960-1271) Yuan (1271-1368), Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties in the millennial period of time and developed and has now become one of the five major religions in China. As a result of expansion, development and change for a long time, Islam has constituted the Islamic belief system in China with a national character and regional character. Periods of the Tang (618-907), Five Dynasties (907-960), Song (960-1271), Yuan (1271-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties were the periods of the spread of Islam in China. Although the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) was the darkest and most oppressive period for the Muslims in China, as a result of their struggle to protect their identity and religious belief, this period also regarded as the period of development, maturation and settlement of the Muslims in China. Muslims in China from the first settlement in Tang Dynasty as a Fanke (Foreign Muslims who settled in China) to Qing (Manchu) period not only have established their administrative institutions within the ruling dynasties and also established some their own social institutions, therefore, tried to survive and protect their religious and ethnic identities in mainly Han Chinese dominated environment.

MUSLIM ADMINISTRATIVE AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN CHINESE ADMINISTRATION: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Islam has spread during the Tang (Tangchao) (618- 907), Five dynasties (Wuday) (907-960), Song (960-1271) Yuan (1271-1368), Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties in the millennial period of time and developed and has now become one of the five major religions in China. As a result of expansion, development and change for a long time, Islam has constituted the Islamic belief system in China with a national character and regional character. Periods of the Tang (618-907), Five Dynasties (907-960), Song (960-1271), Yuan (1271-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties were the periods of the spread of Islam in China. Although the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) was the darkest and most oppressive period for the Muslims in China, as a result of their struggle to protect their identity and religious belief, this period also regarded as the period of development, maturation and settlement of the Muslims in China. Muslims in China from the first settlement in Tang Dynasty as a Fanke (Foreign Muslims who settled in China) to Qing (Manchu) period not only have established their administrative institutions within the ruling dynasties and also established some their own social institutions, therefore, tried to survive and protect their religious and ethnic identities in mainly Han Chinese dominated environment.

___

  • 1. Bay Şouyi 白寿彝, “Congguo Yisilan Cingşicuan/中国伊斯兰经师传 [Çin’deki İslam Hocalar Biyografısı]”. Minzu Zongciao Lunci/民族宗教论集 [Millet-Din Hakkındakı Makaleler Toplumu], s. 399-449. Pekin: Pekin Normal Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1992.
  • 2. Ciang Tingyü 张廷玉. Mingşi/明史 [Ming Hanedanı Tarihi], [t.y].
  • 3. Cu Yu 朱彧. Pingcou Ketan/萍州可谈 [Pingcou Hakkinda Konuşmalar]. Pekin: Conghua Şucü Yayınları, 2007.
  • 4. Çin Huybin 秦惠彬, Yisilanciaocı/伊斯兰教志 [Çin’deki İslam Dini Tezkiresi]. Şanghay: Şanghay Halk Neşiryatı, 1998.
  • 5. Çian Yi 钱易. Nanbu Şinşu/南部新书 [Güney Bölgeler Hakkında Yeni Kayıtlar]. Pekin: Conghua Şucü Yayınları, 2002.
  • 6. Cou Şiefan 周燮藩 ve Şa Çiucen 沙秋真. Yisilanciao zay Congguo/伊斯兰教在中国 [İslam Dini Çin’de]. Pekin: Huaven Yayinevi, 2002.
  • 7. Ding Şiren 丁士仁, Congguo Yisilan Cingtang Ciaoyü/中国伊斯兰经堂教育 [Çin’deki İslami Medrese Eğitimi]. C. 2. 1 c. Lancou: Gansu Halk Neşriyatı, 2013.
  • 8. Feng Zenglie 冯增烈. “Ahong 阿訇 [Hoca veya İmam]”. ÇİA. Çengdu: Siçuan Sişu Çubanşe, 1994.
  • 9. Gu Yanvu 顾炎武. Tianşia Cunguo Libingşu/天下郡国利病书 [Çin Bölgelerinin Siyası, İktisadı, Toplum, Tarih Coğrafya Kitabı]. C. 104. 120 c. Pekin, 1639.
  • 10. Guo Pey 郭裴. Guangdong Tongcı/广东通志 [Guangdong Eyaletinin Tarih Coğrafiyası]. 334 c. Pekin, 1822.
  • 11. Hajji Yusuf Chang, “The Hui (Muslim) Minorities in China: An Historical Overview”. Islam in China, Key Papers, Dillon, Michael ed., I: 132-147. Leiden: Brill Global Oriental, 1999.
  • 12. Israeli, Raphael, “The Muslims Under the Manchu Reign in China”. Islam in China, Key Papers, Dillon, Michael ed., I: 181-194. Leiden: Brill Global Oriental, 1999.
  • 13. Ma Congcie 马忠杰, “Ciaofang 教坊 [Dini Faaliyet Yeri veya Dini Alan]”, Çin İslam Ansiklopedisi, Çengdu: Siçuan Sişu Çubanşe, 1994.
  • 14. ———, “Şianglao 乡老 [Köy veya Mahalle Önderi ]”, ÇİA. Çengdu: Siçuan Sişu Çubanşe, 1994.
  • 15. Mi Şouciang 米寿江 ve You Cia 尤佳. Congguo Yisilanciao/中国伊斯兰教 [Çin’deki İslam Dini]. Pekin: Vucou Çuanbuo Neşriyatı, 2004.
  • 16. Say Tao 蔡绦, Tieveyşan Songtan/铁围山丛谈 [Tieveyşan Macmuası], Pekin: Conghua Şucü Yayınları, 1983.
  • 17. Song Lian 宋濂 ve Vanghuy 王袆. Yuanşi/元史 [Yuan Hanedanı Tarihi], [t.y.].
  • 18. Tian Ruçeng 田汝成, Şihu Youlancı/西湖游览志 [Batı Göl Seyahatnamesi], Cieciang: Cieciang Halk Neşriyatı, 1980.
  • 19. Vu Mu 武沐 ve Çen Yünfeng 陈云峰. “Çingday Hecou Musilin Şiangyüe Cıdu Kaoşu/清代河州穆斯林乡约制度考述 [Çing Hânedanı Döneminde Hecou Müslümanları İlçi Kisitlima Sistemi Hakkında İnceleme]”. Şibey Şifan Daşüe Şüebao/西北师范大学学报 [Kuzeybatı Normal Üniversitesi Dergisi] 43, sy 5 (2006): 115-121.
  • 20. Yang Yongçang 杨永昌, Mantan Çingcensi/漫谈清真寺 [Çin’deki Camiiler Hakkına Araştırmalar], Yinçuan: Ningşia Halk Neşriyatı, 1981.
  • 21. Yu Cenguy 余振贵. Congguo Huyzu Cinşilu/中国回族金石录 [Çin’deki Huy Milleti Taş Abideleri]. Yinçuan: Ningşia Renmin Çubanşe, 2001.
  • 22. Yü Cenguy 余振贵, “Danyı Ciaofangcı 单一教坊制 [Tek Dini Alan Sistemi]”, ÇİA. Çengdu: Siçuan Sişu Çubanşe, 1994.
  • 23. ———, “Hayyı Ciaofangcı 海乙教坊制 [Camii ve Mescid Dini Alan Sistemi]”, ÇİA. Çengdu: Siçuan Sişu Çubanşe, 1994.