Yevgeny Zamyatin’in Biz ve George Orwell’un Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört Adlı Romanlarındaki Metinlerarası İlişkiler

Bu çalışmanın amacı metinlerarasılık kavramı ışığında 20. yüzyılda distopik türde yazılmış iki önemli roman olan Biz ve Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört’ü incelemek ve iki roman arasındaki metinlerarası ilişki ağını sağlayan temel faktörleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Yevgeny Zamyatin 1. Dünya Savaşı ertesinde 1921 yılında eserini yazdığında ülkesi Rusya’da eserin basımını gerçekleştirememiştir. Bu sebeple ülkesinden ayrılmak zorunda kalmıştır. George Orwell ise 2. Dünya Savaşı’nın akabinde 1949 yılında yazmış olduğu eserle birlikte sosyalist çevrelerden birçok eleştiri almıştır. İki eser arasındaki temel ortak nokta iki büyük savaşı yaşamış insanların totaliter rejimler tarafından baskılanmakta olan psikolojisini yansıtmasıdır. Biz insanların sayılarla numaralandırıldığı, hiç kimsenin özgür iradesinin olmadığı ve herkesin “biz”’in bir parçası olduğu, matematiğin ve bilimsel bilginin fazlaca yüceltildiği ve insani duyguların ötelendiği bir dünyayı D- 503 adlı kahramanın gözünden anlatmaktadır. Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört ise sürekli savaş halinde olan bir ülkenin ancak birlik olarak kalındığında hayatta kalınabileceği algısıyla gücü kontrol eden “Büyük Birader”’in bireyler üzerinde kurmuş olduğu aralıksız baskının kurbanı olan Winston Smith’in hikayesini anlatmaktadır. İki metin arasındaki benzerlikler sadece kullanılan kelimler ve imgelerle sınırlı değil, aynı zamanda düşünce yapılarını da kapsamaktadır. Bu iki karanlık dünyada temelde insanın sıkışmışlık hissi, bireyden ziyade toplumun yüceltilmesi, bireylerin sürekli gözetlenmesi, sevgi, aşk gibi insani duyguların ortadan kaldırılıp, cinsel ihtiyaçlar dahil hayatın tüm alanlarından makineleştirme eğiliminin olması başlıca benzerliklerdendir. Bu araştırmada iki romandaki metinlerarası ilişkiler genel itibariyle Mikhail Bakhtin’in görüşleri doğrultusunda incelenecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gözetim Kontrol Baskı Toplumsal Dizaynı Otorite

Intertextual Relations Between Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We and George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four

The aim of this study is to examine two very important novels Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We and George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four written in twentieth century and to reveal the major factors connecting the two novels into one another within the frame of the concept of intertextuality. Yevgeny Zamyatin was not able to get his novel published in Russia that he wrote in 1921 in the aftermath of the First World War. He had to leave his country just because of this reason. George Orwell faced quite a lot of criticism from socialist circles with his book which he wrote immediately after the Second World War. The major common factor between the two novels is that they both reflect the psychology of those having experienced the harsh conditions of world wars and also being repressed by totalitarian regimes. With the eyes of a man named D-503, We tells the story of a world where humans are named after numbers, nobody has a free will, every citizen is a part of we, and mathematics and scientific information are overrated. On the other hand, Nineteen Eighty-Four tells the story of Winston Smith who has been victimized under the continuous repression of Big Brother who holds a continuous control of the country, at an endless war, and the people trapped inside. However, the similarities between the two novels is not only limited to the words and symbols but also the the general frame of mind. Among the main commonalities between the two novels are the humans’ feeling of being trapped, the exaltation of society instead of individual, ceaseless monitoring of men, destruction of love and affection, and a tendency to mechanization in every stage of life including sexual desires. All the intertextual elements between the novels are basically analyzed within the light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s ideas on the subject.

Keywords:

Surveillance Control Repression Social Engineering Authority,

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